Term
|
Definition
| outdoor, indoor, and occupational environments. The air we breathe, the food and water we consume, and exposure to toxic agents |
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|
Term
| Our environment is influenced by |
|
Definition
| tobacco use, alcohol ingestion, therapeutic and non therapeutic drug consumption, and eit |
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Term
|
Definition
| exogenous chemicals in the environment in air, water, food, and soil that may be absorbed into the body through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact |
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|
Term
| EPA monitored pollutants (6) |
|
Definition
sulfur dioxide
carbon monoxide
ozone
nitrogen dioxide
lead
particulate matter |
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Term
|
Definition
tobaco smoke
also: CO, NO2, and asbestos |
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Term
|
Definition
| radioactive gas derived from uranium widely present in soil and in homes can cause lung cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
diseases caused by:
exposure to toxic agents
physical damage
nutritional defieciencies
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Term
| the single largest preventable cause of death in the US |
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Definition
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Term
| major diseases responsible for mortality in smokers (in order of frequency) |
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Definition
| coronoary heart disease, lung cancer, COPD |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory and occlusive disease of the lower leg vasculature, occurs almost only in heavy smokers |
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|
Term
| Tobacco causes cancer in other organs (besides lung) |
|
Definition
| lip, tonuge, bucal mucosa, larynx, esophagus, carcinoma of the kidney, cancer of the pancreas, uterine cervix cancer and leukemia |
|
|
Term
| non neoplastic diseases (cigarette smoking) |
|
Definition
| chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD, peptic ulcer disease, osteoporosis, thyroid disease, ocular disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| infants born to women who smoke during pregnancy are 200 g lighter (not born preterm) |
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|
Term
| environmental tobacco smoke (second hand smoke) |
|
Definition
| 20-30% increased risk of lung cancer in spouses of smokers |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| comatose levels of intoxication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| death from respiratory failure with alcohol levels |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcoholics, violent rethcing may lead to tears at the esophageal-gastric junction |
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Term
|
Definition
megaloblastic anemia due to dietary deficiency of folic acid.
hypersplenism often causes hemolytic anemia |
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Term
|
Definition
postmenopausal females - osteoporosis
male - aseptic necrosis of the head of the femur |
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Term
|
Definition
Wernicke encephalopathy - caused by thiamine defienciency
Korsakoff psychosis
cerebellar degeneration
amblyopia
polyneuropathy
|
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mental confusion, ataxia, abnormal ocular motility, and polyneuropathy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| retrograde amnesia and confabulatory symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| growth retardation, microcephaly, facial dysmorphology, neurologic dysfxn |
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|
Term
| # of deaths from illicit drugs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| most common complications of drug use |
|
Definition
| introducing infectious organisms by a parenteral route |
|
|
Term
| IV drug use complications |
|
Definition
track marks
thrombophlebitis
bacterial endocarditis
pulmonary, renal, and intracranial abscesses
meningitis
osteomyeleits
mycotic aneurysms |
|
|
Term
| IV drug users are at very high risk for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most complications of oral contraceptives involve |
|
Definition
| vasculature or reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
| vascular OC complications |
|
Definition
| DVT (higher if also smoke), arterial thrombotic events |
|
|
Term
| neoplastic complications OCs |
|
Definition
tumors of female reproductive organs (ovary, endometrium, and breast)
Squamos carcinoma of the cervix |
|
|
Term
| other complications of OCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acetaminophen complications |
|
Definition
| hepatic necrosis and liver failure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| pulmonary diseases casued by mineral dust inhalation |
|
|
Term
| pnemoconioses key factor in causing symptoms |
|
Definition
| the capacity of inhaled dusts to stimulate fibrosis |
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|
Term
| lung lesions produced by inorganic dusts |
|
Definition
over 10 micrometer = removed by mucociliary escalator (good)
smaller particles reach the acini (bad) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
radiologic diagnosis without significant symptoms.
silicotic nodules 2-4 mm in diamter with a whorled appearance and concentrically arranged collagen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
silicotic nodules are not found. diseases progresses rapidly over a few years.
tuberculosis is common.
silicosis does NOT predispose to lung ca |
|
|
Term
| coal workers pneumococoniosis |
|
Definition
| due to inhalation of Carbon particles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nonpalpable coal dust macules and palpapble coal dust nodules. 1-4 mm. nodules consist of dust laden macrophages assd. with a fibrotic stroma. minor lung function impairment |
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Term
|
Definition
| lesion 2.0 cm or greater, may cause significant respiratory impairment |
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Term
|
Definition
| rheumatoid nodules (caplan nodules) in the lungs of coal minors with rheumatoid arthritis |
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|
Term
| exposure to asbestos can cause (6) |
|
Definition
| asbestosis, benign pleural effusion, pleural plaques, diffuse pleural fibrosis, rounded atelectasis and mesothelioma |
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Term
|
Definition
vilateral, diffuse interstitial fibrosis and asbestos bodies in the lungs.
"honeycomb lung"
dx: must have asbestos bodies AND diffuse interstitial fibrosis in lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| neoplasm of mesothelial cells, more common in the pleura. |
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Term
|
Definition
| dyxfxn in N.S, kidneys, hematopoiesis |
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|
Term
| target of lead toxicity in children |
|
Definition
| the brain - lead encephalopathy |
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Term
|
Definition
| peripheral motor neuropathy - affects radial and peroneal nerves (wrist/footdrop) |
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|
Term
| cardinal sign of lead intoxication |
|
Definition
anemia (heme synthesis disrupted)
mycrocytic and hypochromic anemia
prominent basophilic stippling of erythrocytes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
increased bone densities at the metaphysis
gingival lead line |
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|
Term
| principal target of the toxicity of inorganic mercury |
|
Definition
| the kidney (brain is damaged by organic) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
chronic nephrotoxicity - long term exposure
neurotoxicity - cerebral and cerebellar atrophy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| death due to CNS toxicity |
|
|
Term
| chronic arsenic intoxication |
|
Definition
| encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy, numerous types of Ca |
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Term
|
Definition
| body temp below 35 C (95 F) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trench foot or immersion foot, frostbite, gangrene |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypermetabolic state with muscle necrosis that occurs after anastehsia in susceptible ersons |
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Term
|
Definition
| high ambient temperatures. impaired regulatory cooling responses |
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|
Term
| most common form of localized hyperthermia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| full thickness cutaneous burns |
|
Definition
| char epidermis and dermis, cellular structure is lost |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| mild sunburn, congestion and pain but no necrosis, edema, blisters |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| localized mechanical injury with focal hemorrhage |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| skin defect caused by crushes or scrapes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| split or tera of the skin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical disruptions of tissue integrity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| UV and infrared light, microwave, sound waves |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| severe symptoms of acute respiratory distress (50% die within one month |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all die within days (rads) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 25% of ionizing radiation received by the US population is from |
|
Definition
| medical devices and radioisotopes |
|
|
Term
| used in the treatment of Ca, imaging, therapeutic or diagnostic radioisotopes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| long term fx of ionizing radiation |
|
Definition
| fibrosis, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis |
|
|
Term
| radiation fx at the cellular level |
|
Definition
| 1.somatic fx associated with acute cellular killing and 2. genetic damage |
|
|
Term
| radiation damage to the DNA of a long lived nonproliferating cell |
|
Definition
| does not necessarily impair its fxn |
|
|
Term
| radiation damage to short lived proliferating cell tissues with a high rate of cell division |
|
Definition
| extremely vulnerable to radiation |
|
|
Term
| pathologic features of radiation |
|
Definition
compromise of vascular supply
fibrotic repair rxn to acute necrosis and chronic ischemia |
|
|
Term
| non neoplastic fx of radiation (acute) |
|
Definition
| pneumonitis, cystitis, dermatitis, and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| non neoplastic fx of radiation (chronic) |
|
Definition
| interstitial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, strictures in esophagus and small intestine, sterility, congenital malformation, cataracts |
|
|
Term
| radiation induced cancers |
|
Definition
| osteogenic sarcoma, skin, thyroid, lung, leukemia, breast, angiosarcoma of the liver |
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|
Term
| an appropriate diet should provide |
|
Definition
| sufficient energy (carbs, fats, proteins), amino acids and fatty acids for building blocks, vitamins and minerals as coenzymes or hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one or all of the components are missing from the diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supply of nutrients is adequate, but malnutrition results from insufficient intake, malabsorption, impaired utilization or storage, excess loss, or increased need for nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deficiency of calories from all sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malnutrition in children caused by a diet deficient in protein alone |
|
|
Term
| marasmus pathological features |
|
Definition
| low weight, low subq fat, protuberant abdomen, muscle wasting, wrinkle face, growth failure, lipfuscin in visceral organs, may be alert, NO EDEMA |
|
|
Term
| kwashiorkor patholgical features |
|
Definition
| generalized growth failure, subq fat is normal, apathy, edema, hepatomegaly, ascites, "flaky paint", "flag sign" lipid accumulation |
|
|
Term
| anorexia nervosa endocrine fx |
|
Definition
| amenorrhea, cold intolerance, bradycardia, constipation, osteoporosis, anemia, lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, changes in skin and hair |
|
|
Term
| highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major complication of anorexia nervosa and bulimia |
|
Definition
| increased susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death from hypokalemia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most abundant and potent stimulator of feeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase appetitie and decrease energy expenditure |
|
|
Term
| obesity complications (endocrine) |
|
Definition
| type 2 DM, high LDL, infertility, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia |
|
|
Term
| obesity complications (CV) |
|
Definition
| hypertension, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, thromboembolic disease |
|
|
Term
| obesity complications (neurologic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| obestiy complications (pulmonary) |
|
Definition
| major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea, obesity-hypoventilaity syndrome, Pickwickian syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal maturation, maintenance of epithelial linings and cell membrane structure. constituent of the photosensitive pigments in the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
retinoids (fish liver)
beta carotene (plants leafy green veggies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squamos metaplasia, especially in glandular epithelium. common in trachea and bronchi and bronchopneumonia is a frequent cause of death. kidney stones. xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, blindness, follicular hyperkeratosis |
|
|
Term
| earliest sign of vitamin a deficiency |
|
Definition
| diminished vision in dim light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hepatosplenomegaly, portal hypertensions, bone pain, alopecia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| D3 (cholecalciferol produced by the skin) and D2 (ergocalciferol produced by plant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must be hydroxylated to active metabolite in the liver and kidney |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D deficiency (etiology) |
|
Definition
| insufficiency dietary vitamin d. insufficient production in the skin. inadequate vitamin d absorption from the diet. abnormal conversion of vitamin d to its bioactive metabolites |
|
|
Term
| vitamin d deficiency (pathology) |
|
Definition
osteomalcia (soft bones) in adults
rickets in children - pectus carinatum and rachitic rosary chest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypercalcemia - nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis, ectopic calcification in other organs |
|
|
Term
| vitamin E dietary deficiency |
|
Definition
| occurs in children as a result of mutations in the alpha tocopherol transfer proteins, and in adults with malabsorption syndromes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
K1 from plants
k2 synthesized by the normal intestinal bacteria |
|
|
Term
| vitamin k deficiency (pathology) |
|
Definition
| fat malabsorption, destruction of intestinal flora, newborn infants |
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|
Term
| vitamin k is important for |
|
Definition
| prothrombin, factor VII, factor IX, factor X |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can lead to catastrophic bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cofactor for enzymes crucial to energy matabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polyneuropathy, edema, cardiac failure, dry beriberi, wet beriberi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuromuscular, paresthesias, hyporeflexia, weakness, muscle atrophy in extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cardiac failure, edema, severe congestive heart failure |
|
|
Term
| thiamine deficiency in chronic alcoholics |
|
Definition
| CNS involvement (wernicke syndrome) with progressive dementia, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. Korsakoff syndrome (thought disorder) |
|
|
Term
| most reliable test for thiamine deficiency |
|
Definition
| immediate and dramatic response to parenteral administration of thiamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lesions of facial skin and corneal epithelium.
cheilosis, seborrheic dermatitis, corneal interstitial keratitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pellagra - dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death. scaly dermatitis @ areas exposed to light and subjeted to pressure. glossitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coenzyme in numerous metabolic pathways including those related to amino acids, lipids, heme, and neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diseases in the CNS, seizures in infants, adults - polyneuritis and anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
megaloblastic anemias (impaired DNA synthesis)
Megaloblastic anemia (large RBC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pernicious anemia (lack of secretion of IF), previous gastric surgery, parasitization of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| present in B12 deficiency but not folic acid deficiency |
|
Definition
| neurological manifestations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scurvy, abnormal collagen that lacks tensile strength, poor wound healing, petechial hemorrhages |
|
|
Term
| essential trace elements are mostly components of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypogonodal dwarfism in boys |
|
|
Term
| dietary copper deficiency |
|
Definition
| mycrocytic hypochromi anemia, leucopenia, and skeletal defects (wilsons disease) |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of anemia worldwise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mycrocytic hypochromic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poor growth, skeletal abnormalities, reproductive impairment, ataxia, convulsions. symptoms similar to parkinsonism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothyroidims because maintenance of normal thyroid hormone depends on adequate dietary iodine - goiter |
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|
