Term
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Definition
| non-targeted organisms incidentally caught by commercial fishing operations including many fish species, but also a large number of birds, marine mammals (dolphins), and sea turtles |
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Term
| 2nd Contradiction of Capitalism |
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Definition
| in Marxist thought, this describes the tendency for capitalism to eventually undermine the environmental conditions for its own existence, through degradation of natural resources or damage to the health of workers, etc., predicted to eventually lead to environmentalist and workers' movements to resist capitalism |
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Term
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Definition
| in political economic (and Marxist) thought, the material or environmental conditions required for a specific economy to function |
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Term
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Definition
| the social relationships associated with and necessary for, a specific economy, as serfs/knights are to feudalism and workers/owners are to capitalism |
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Term
| maximum sustainable yield |
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Definition
| the largest seasonal or annual amount of any particular natural resource that can be harvested indefinitely |
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Term
| exclusive economic zones (EEZs) |
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Definition
| usually extending 200 nautical miles off the coasts of sovereign states, _____ are sea-zones within which states claim ownership over fishery and mineral resources |
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Term
| sustainable/sustainability |
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Definition
| the conservation of land and resources so as to secure their availability to future generations |
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Definition
| sale of goods to foreign country |
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Term
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Definition
| purchase of goods from foreign country |
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Term
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Definition
| relations of production dominant in many industrialized countries in the first several decades of the 20th century; marked by large, vertically integrated* corporations (*where firms own or control the production chain from bottom to top), high wages and rates of consumption, and considerable state power--state power that favors tariffs against low-cost foreign competition sustaining continued profitability for large firms |
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Term
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Definition
| arising in the last decades of the 20th century (the current relations of production in most industrialized countries); marked by decentralized, specialized and often subcontracted production, the prominence of transnational corporations and diminished state power. |
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Term
Transnational corporations (TNC)
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) |
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Definition
| corporations operating facilities in more than one country |
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Term
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Definition
| humans should extend their sphere of moral concern beyond the human realm; most commonly, it is argued that intelligent or sentient animals are worthy ethical subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of species across the Atlantic Ocean, from the New World to the Old World and vice versa, and the resulting ecological transformation |
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Term
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Definition
| the number and range of species in cultivated areas. Higher ______ is typically associated with the robustness of a farming system and its ability to withstand wealth and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a process where water bodies become very high in nutrients, resulting in frequent algal blooms, swings in dissolved oxygen concentrations, and overall degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| warming experienced by cities that occurs through the absorption and re-radiation of heat from buildings and sidewalks. Vegetation in urban areas reduces this effect |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon and a related field of study describing the tendency of people to evaluate the hazardousness of a situation or decision in not-always-rational terms, depending on human biases, culture, or human tendencies |
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Term
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Definition
| emotions and unconscious responses that influence decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| normative value-laden, worldviews that spell out how the world is and how it ought to be |
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Term
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Definition
| any category, condition, or thing that exists or is understood to have certain characteristics because people socially agree that it does |
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Term
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Definition
| the path along which raw materials are turned into finished products and eventually consumed, with each link or node being a site for increasing added value and opportunity for profit |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition where highly successful periods of growth are followed by stagnation owing to the concentration of wealth/capital in very few hands or firms causing a decline in consumer power, economic slowdown and potential socioeconomic crisis |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy to increase demand for products or services by reaching consumers directly and convincing them they have a previously unknown need or problem that can be solved by a specific product |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of capitalism to temporality solve its inevitable periodic crises by establishing new markets, new resources, and new sites of production in other places. |
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Term
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Definition
| a resource that is considered free for surrounding communities |
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Term
life cycle analysis
cradle-to-grave assessment |
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Definition
| the analysis of the environmental impacts of a product service or object from its point of manufacture all the way to its disposal as waste |
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Term
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Definition
| Human Impact = population + affluence + technology |
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Term
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Definition
| a technology that removes salts and other minerals from water, esp sea water; prohibitively expensive in most contexts, current techniques are highly energy demanding |
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Term
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Definition
| a field of study dedicated to understanding the optimal way to present and convey risk-related info to aid people in reaching optimal and rational outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a thing marketed for profit. valued generically rather than as a specific object (pork: the pig) |
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Term
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Definition
| the direct appropriation by capitalists of natural resources or goods from communities that historically tend to hold them collectively, as for examples, where the common lands of Britain were enclosed by wealthy elites and the state in the 1700s |
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Term
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Definition
| in political economy a condition in the economy where the capacity of industry to produce goods outpaces the need to consume causing economic slowdown |
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Term
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Definition
| an environmental ethical stance that argues that ecological concerns should, over and above human priorities, be central to decisions about right and wrong action |
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Term
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Definition
| the management of a resource or environment fro protection and preservation, typically for its own sake |
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Term
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Definition
| the management of a resource or system to sustain its productivity over time, typically associated with scientific management of collective goods like fisheries or forests |
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Term
| pollution haven hypothesis |
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Definition
| a theory that holds that some counties might voluntarily reduce environmental regulations in order to attract foreign direct investment |
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Term
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Definition
| an international treaty that entered into force in 1992 and is designed to prevent wealthier countries from dumping hazardous waste on less developed countries. US never ratified |
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Term
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Definition
| the spillover of a cost or benefit, as where industrial activity at a plant leads to pollution off-site that must be paid by someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| the geographic tendency within capitalism to produce highly disparate economic conditions (wealth/poverty) and economic activity (production/consumption) in different places. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency in capitalism for profits, capital goods, saving, and value to flow toward, pool in, and/or arrive in specific places, leading to the centralization and concentration of both money and power |
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Term
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Definition
| a principle stressing the need for equitable distribution of environmental goods and environmental bads between people, regardless of their race, ethnicity, or gender |
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