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| Name the four acts promoting expansion and settlement |
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| Railroad, Homestead, Mining, Reclamation |
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| 3 causes for change in expansionist policies: |
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| erosion, eastern forest gone, manifest destiny was complete |
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| name seven environmental acts |
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| wilderness, clean air, federal water pollution control, coastal zone management, endangered species, national environmental policy, comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability |
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| three global environmental issues |
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| global warming, ozone layer, globalization |
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| federal water pollution control act |
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| federal water pollution control act was amended by: |
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| clean water and quality water acts of 77 and 87 |
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| coastal zone management act |
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| national environmental policy act |
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| comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability act |
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| a naturally occurring homogeneous inorganic solid having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure, color, and hardness |
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| 3 categories of minerals: |
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| reserves, unidentified resources, sub economic resources. |
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| minerals currently available for use |
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| define sub-economic resources: |
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| The part of identified resources that does not meet the economic criteria of reserves |
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| U.S. has how much of worlds population? |
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| U.S. uses how much of worlds mineral resources? |
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| Name the types of mining: |
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| shaft, drift, strip, mountaintop removal, open pit, hydraulic |
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| a vertical or incline passageway used to access underground facility |
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| cut into side of the earth horizontally, rather than straight down (e.g. a coal seam) |
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| form of surface mining a seam of mineral ore by first removing all the material that lies on top of it. huge machines removal that minerals |
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| two types of strip mining: |
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area - on a level or flat surface
contour- hilly areas |
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| define mountaintop removal: |
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| involves the mass restructuring of Earth in mountainous areas in order to reach sediment and coal as deep as 1000 feet below the surface. |
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| method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow. Thing overburden. |
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| employs water under pressure to dislodge rock material or move sediment. |
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| waste from all types of mining |
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| of all the material removed, less than _____% is considered to be pure mineral. |
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| Florida produces ___% of ______ used by farmers for fertilizers, also used in toothpaste, metal coatings, soda's and animal feed. |
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| 3 places mining happens in Florida: |
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Fort Meade: phosphates
Quincy: Fullers Earth
Western Duval and Clay counties: heavy minerals |
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| How many types of crops are used as food? |
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| name the top seven food crops: |
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| maize, rice, wheat, barley, potatoes, sweet potatoes, casaba. |
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| Human population will be almost ____ by mid-century. |
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| How many hectares of land on earth? |
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| how much of earth's landmass is arable? |
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| in last ___ years, arable land in Asia has increased by ____% due to forest clearing. |
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| area cleared for agriculture by cutting and burning. location is moved every few years. multiple crops are planted. |
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| combine several different crops in single farm, and/or with livestock |
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| one crop is cultivated repeatedly over large area. |
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| define Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs): |
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| chemical substances that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. |
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| the tendency of a pollutant to accumulate in the tissues of plants or animals |
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| an increase in the concentration of a pollutant as it is passed up the food chain, caused by a tendency of animals to accumulate the pollutant in their tissues. |
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| methods of fighting erosion: |
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| terracing, planting of kudzu, strip cropping |
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| raising of herds of livestock, often nomadically, for local trade; includes any grazing. |
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| large livestock feeding operation, cereal production feeds animals. |
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| large and small corporations focused on profits. |
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| % of land degradation due to overfarming |
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| % of degradation due to overgrazing |
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| % of land degradation due to fuel wood exploitation |
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| % of land degradation due to industrialization |
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| % of cereal production is U.S. feeds animals |
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| name the 10 major sources of energy: |
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| wood, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy, solar, wind, water, dung, peat, animal fats. |
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| two reasons to switch to new energy sources: |
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| major factor causing our dependence on oil? |
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| internal combustion engine |
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| % of worlds energy from oil |
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| U.S. consumes ___% or worlds energy. ____% for transport, ____% for heat/petrochemicals. |
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| ____% of worlds oil reserve is located where? |
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| 66%, middle east(Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, UAE) |
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| how many people died in the Scotland Oil Spill? What year? |
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| How many barrels per day leaked during BP oil spill? |
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| 5000 barrels (210000 gallons) |
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| 2nd largest oil reserves in world are located where? |
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| each barrel of oil extracted requires: |
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| 2.5 barrels of water, 4 tons of earth, natural gas that can heat a home for 1-5 days. |
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| ___% increase in oil productin in Canada since ____. |
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| ___% of U.S. energy from nuclear |
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| advantages or hydroelectric power: |
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| renewable, low operations costs, no air pollution |
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| disadvantages of hydroelectric power: |
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| flooding, human displacement, dam failure, downstream thermal changes. |
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| % of U.S. power from wind in 2001 |
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| percent of worldwide power from wind |
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| four types of solar power |
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| centralized(utilities), decentralized(individual solar paneled homes), active(use of photovalic cells), passive(interior design) |
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| fossil fuels must contain at least ___% of biofuels or organic matter that was harvested in the last ___ years to properly mix |
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| corn, soy, sewage, lumber, straw, sugarcane |
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| ___% of world energy consumption used for cooking and heating in developing countries. |
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