Term
| What is Environmental Psychology? |
|
Definition
| Studies molar relationships between behavior/experience and built/natural environment. |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 different data collection methods. |
|
Definition
| Self reports; archives; traces; erosion; and accretion. (behavior mapping also data collection method but not mentioned on study guide.) |
|
|
Term
| Define archives and give examples. |
|
Definition
| The use of collected written or other records to study behavior. examples include photo search, newspaper search. |
|
|
Term
| Define self reports and give examples. |
|
Definition
| Use of surveys or questionnaires to study behavior. examples would be questionnaires, interviews, and cognitive maps. |
|
|
Term
| Define traces and give examples. |
|
Definition
| Physical evidence of past human presence. examples include erosion and accretion. |
|
|
Term
| Define erosion and give examples. |
|
Definition
| trace that shows selective wear of some part of the environment. examples include floor wear in front of museum exhibits, traffic patterns in grass/snow/sand, and wear and tear on playground equipment. |
|
|
Term
| Define accretion and give examples. |
|
Definition
| trace that shows deposited material in a setting left by users of the setting. examples include graffiti/tagging, litter, books/jackets/etc left to mark territory, and personalization (decoration) of spaces. |
|
|
Term
| Define construct validity. |
|
Definition
| when a variable measures what it should. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when measures are consistent over time (test-retest) or observers (inter-rater). |
|
|
Term
| Why are multiple measures of data collection often good? |
|
Definition
| Because it indicates construct validity and reliability. "Trying to optimize." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How design makes a place memorable, easy to think about and get around in. |
|
|
Term
| What are Lynch's 5 Keys to Legible Images? |
|
Definition
| paths; edges; district; nodes; landmarks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| travel routes, like roads, walkways. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not traveled, bounding an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas with distinctive identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| well known points, like intersections, destinations, like plazas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distinctive features, used for reference points; often stand out. easy to view identifying features. |
|
|
Term
| How good are mental images? |
|
Definition
| research shows a lot of errors, because we are human and simplify/seek personally relevant meanings. But, we could use this to improve places. |
|
|
Term
| How many Cognitive mapping errors are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the Cognitive mapping errors. |
|
Definition
1. Superordinate category error
2. Right angle bias
3. Size distortion
4. Location and Omission
5. Shape |
|
|
Term
| Define the superordinate category error and give an example. |
|
Definition
| Bigger categories, like states or countries, trip us up for smaller, subordinate categories -- like cities. examples include "which is further?: west: san diego or reno? north: toronto or minneapolis? |
|
|
Term
| Define the right angle bias and give an example. |
|
Definition
| we impose 90 degree angles and straight lines where none exist. Example: UU library east sidewalk. (we simplify). |
|
|
Term
| Define size distortion and give an example. |
|
Definition
| familiar or important places drawn bigger. example: you draw your home bigger than others; draw superpower countries larger. |
|
|
Term
| define location and omission and give an example. |
|
Definition
| we leave things out in our maps, and insert things that don't exist. example: an engineer drew a rail line where it "should" be. |
|
|
Term
| define shape and give an example. |
|
Definition
| we remember unusual shapes, forget typical building types. example: the OSH building built like an "E". |
|
|
Term
| define forward-up equivalence. |
|
Definition
| orient so that up on map = forward in space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| design feature that aids wayfinding by creating distinctive shapes and parts of buildings. |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 examples of wayfinding aids for buildings? |
|
Definition
| visibility of destinations; differentiation; simple configuration/layout; signs and numbering systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abilities inborn.
The view that perceptual processes or other phenomena come to us automatically as opposed to having to be learned through experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you readily understand (from piaget) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you must develop your mind to grasp something (from piaget). |
|
|
Term
| what are piaget's 4 stages of development? |
|
Definition
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operations
4. Formal operations |
|
|
Term
| what is the sensorimotor stage and what is the age frame? |
|
Definition
| approx. 0-2 years: when one organizes senses, learns space is continuous, learns object permanence. |
|
|
Term
| what is the preoperational stage and what is the age frame? |
|
Definition
| approx. 2-6 or 7: starts using symbolic thinking (words, images), "conservation of matter" not great, egocentric (unable to see what another would). |
|
|
Term
| what is the concrete operations stage and what is the age frame? |
|
Definition
| 6 or 7-11 or 12: not egocentric, logical with concrete objects, can describe traveled routes. |
|
|
Term
| what is the formal operations stage and what is the age frame? |
|
Definition
| 12 & up: can use abstractions, North South East West directions, potential spaces considered. |
|
|
Term
| Were Piaget's stages accurate? |
|
Definition
| they were generally accurate, but kids often achieve faster than he said. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolution orients us to nature, not built environment. -E.O. Wilson |
|
|
Term
| describe Kaplan and Kaplan landscape preferences. |
|
Definition
| we prefer organization and content that appeal to information processing. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 environmental preference factors as explained by Kaplans? |
|
Definition
Coherent
Legible
Complex
Mystery |
|
|
Term
| define coherent and give an example. |
|
Definition
| hangs together. example: high and low coherence. high is when the majority of the scene is higher in the picture and low coherence is when the scene takes up the whole picture, lower. |
|
|
Term
| define complexity and give an example. |
|
Definition
| variety in natural elements. example: high and low complexity. low is when there isn't a lot of different shapes and no variety, high is when there are a lot of different shapes and elements going on in the picture. |
|
|
Term
| define legible and give an example. |
|
Definition
| distinctive understandable parts, finding your way around. no example really. |
|
|
Term
| define mystery and give an example |
|
Definition
| invites exploration. example: partially hidden, which can be scary in urban settings. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two theories of how nature restores us? |
|
Definition
biologically attuned to reduce stress with nature views (nature eases stress)- Ulrich
Cognitive need to restore directed attention (soft fascination with nature helps) -Kaplans' |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 requirements for restorative places according to Kaplans'? |
|
Definition
| being away, fascination, extent/coherence, compatibility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative to fatigued and overused brain structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an effortless way of attending with involuntary attention. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sufficient scope to sustain interaction for a period of time without boredom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fit with a person's inclinations and purposes to prevent use of mental effort. |
|
|
Term
| what is nature deficit disorder? |
|
Definition
| kids suffer when technology/built environment take over. nature experience is great for abilities to learn, physical/emotional health. when it is taken away, then those experiences are also taken away. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interpretive storylines that suggests who/what did it, what it means, what to do. There is no such thing as unframed information. you use frames to make sense of the world by linking old and new information, making new information clearer. |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of framing? |
|
Definition
social progress
economic development and competitiveness
morality and ethics
scientific and technical uncertainty
Pandora's box/Frankenstein's monster/runaway science |
|
|
Term
| what is social progress frame? |
|
Definition
| improving quality of life or solving problems (nuclear power as: atoms for peace) |
|
|
Term
| what is economic development and competitiveness frame? |
|
Definition
| focus is on economic investments or progress (nuclear power as: electricity too cheap to meter). |
|
|
Term
| what is morality and ethics frame? |
|
Definition
| describing something as right or wrong; or as exceeding or respecting moral limits, thresholds, or boundaries. |
|
|
Term
| what is scientific and technical uncertainty? |
|
Definition
| describing something as settled science vs. hype or unknown. ( debate over what is known vs unknown, or peer-reviewed, confirmed knowledge vs. hype or alarmism). |
|
|
Term
| what is Pandora's box/Frankenstein's monster/runaway science frame? |
|
Definition
| precaution or fatalism in the face of possible catastrophes. |
|
|
Term
| what is the new ecological ( environmental) paradigm? |
|
Definition
| the most widely used environmental scale to tap into environmental worldviews; measures how ecocentric (earth centered) vs. anthropocentric (human centered) you view the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when scientists translate the concept they are interested in studying to something that can be measured. the NEP scale operationalizes the concepts of environmental worldviews. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many things: environmental concern, attitudes toward some specific environmental problems, support for environmental policies, political liberalism, higher income and urbanism, countries with less materialism and more harmony. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "selective control of access to the self or to one's group"; access means "keep out" AND "come in". |
|
|
Term
| what is dialectic process? |
|
Definition
| 3 keys to describe how closedness and openness forces work. opposition, unity, and change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we need both opposing forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are dynamic, changing over time. |
|
|
Term
| what are privacy outcomes? |
|
Definition
| crowding, where you feel too open; isolation/loneliness, where you are more closed than you want; ideal privacy= actual openness=desired openness. |
|
|
Term
| what is internal validity? |
|
Definition
| Does X CAUSE Y? does the independent variable X cause the dependent variable Y or is there some other, third variable that causes Y? if you can argue that X causes Y (X ->Y), internal validity is high. |
|
|
Term
| what is external validity? |
|
Definition
| Does X -> Y casual link GENERALIZE to other situation? Does the X->Y internally valid relationship identified in one study generalize to other people, places, times, measures? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceived ownership of a place or object by individual or group. |
|
|
Term
| what is defensible space? |
|
Definition
| design features that protect from crime by encouraging natural territoriality. |
|
|
Term
| What protects from burglary? |
|
Definition
| actual barriers (to deter outsider access); differentiate public from private space; symbolic barriers (to show resident territorial concern); good natural surveillance (detectability); put low income housing in safe areas. |
|
|
Term
| what do they mean by symbolic barriers work both ways? |
|
Definition
| street signs and burglaries, identity signs and non-burglary. |
|
|
Term
| what are traces of presence and do they protect or not? |
|
Definition
| yes they protect. garages, keeping a tidy yard and surroundings of house. |
|
|
Term
| what are traces of absence and do they protect or not? |
|
Definition
| no they don't protect. leaving a dirty, unkept yard, many newspapers on front porch indicating you're gone, not taking the garbage out. dogs don't help. |
|
|
Term
| in terms of crowding, what is density? |
|
Definition
| people per area (a physical measure). |
|
|
Term
| in terms of crowding, what is social density? |
|
Definition
| same space, # of people increase. |
|
|
Term
| in terms of crowding, what is spatial density? |
|
Definition
| same # of people, space decreases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| personal sense of too many people around (a psychological measure). |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 major processes of crowding? |
|
Definition
behavioral constraints or goal interference from: too little space, too many people, interruptions or unwanted interaction.
personal control loss: increases stress, decreases privacy regulation ability
overload: too much stimulation or intimacy, may not be negative. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antisocial behaviors from high density. |
|
|
Term
| what are negative crowding effects? |
|
Definition
physical: arousal, illness
social: more withdrawal, less attraction to others, less helpful, more aggressive (esp. males)
work: poor task performance (esp. for complex tasks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our portable invisible boundary that varies across people and situations. |
|
|
Term
| what are Hall's 4 communication distance zones? |
|
Definition
| intimate, personal distance, social distance, and public distance. |
|
|
Term
| define intimate communication distance zone. |
|
Definition
| (0-1.5'); touch and many other senses (sense smell, heat, sound and see details), zone used for intense communication (love, arguments). |
|
|
Term
| define personal distance communication distance zone. |
|
Definition
| (1.5-4'); visual and verbal communication dominate, touch (good friends- near phase, no touch- acquaintances, far phase). |
|
|
Term
| define social distance communication distance zone. |
|
Definition
| (4-12'); vision loses detail, voice still normal. for business dealings, strangers (office desk distance, communication becomes formal). |
|
|
Term
| define public distance communication distance zone. |
|
Definition
| (12'+); must exaggerate communication, used in formal communication. |
|
|
Term
| when do you choose closeness? |
|
Definition
| when attracted to others (with distance controlled by females), others are similar in personality, age, race, religion, sexual orientation, status, when angered (sometimes). |
|
|
Term
| when do you choose distance? |
|
Definition
| when with stigmatized others (AIDS, disabled), in stressful, negative interactions. |
|
|
Term
| what are contact cultures? |
|
Definition
| those preferring closer distances (Mediterranean, Arabic, Hispanic). |
|
|
Term
| what are noncontact cultures? |
|
Definition
| those preferring further distances (north european, caucasian U.S.). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when privacy is invaded, you compensate by turning away, move back, reestablish psychological or actual distance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when privacy is invaded, you move closer or smile and look at person to show closeness is OK. |
|
|
Term
| in spatial arrangements, what is sociofugal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in spatial arrangements, what is sociopetal? |
|
Definition
|
|
