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| desire to conquer and exploit nature as fast as possible with no regard for conservation |
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| wrote the book Man and Nature about how humans and environmental systems are interrelated |
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| General Revision Act (1891) |
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| gives presidents authority to establish forest reserves on federally owned land |
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| 1907 bill regarding the Revision Act |
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| Theodore Roosevelt designates 21 more national forests, then signs the bill |
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| Utilitarian conservationist |
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| values natural resources because of usefulness, but uses them carefully |
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| Biocentric preservationist |
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| values nature because of the belief that all life deserves respect |
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| first head of US Forest Service |
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| Yosemite National Park Bill (1890) |
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| establishes Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks |
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| biocentric preservationist who founded thte Sierra Club and pushed the Yosemite park bill |
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| authorizes the president to set aside sites as national monuments that had scientific, historic, or prehistoric importance |
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| wildlife biologist who wrote Game Management and A Sand County Almanac |
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| Wilderness Essay, 1962, influenced by Aldo Leopold |
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| wrote Silent Spring, 1962, describes use of DDT and other pesticides |
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| wrote The Population Bomb |
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| former senator, encourages Denis Hayes to organize Earth Day |
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| Organizes Earth day. Now it's celebrated around the world |
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| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
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| formed in 1970 as a reaction to publicized disasters |
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| National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) |
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Definition
| requires the feds to consider the environmental impact of desicions |
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| Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) |
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Definition
| must accompany every federal recomendation or legislative proposal to make informed decisions |
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| Council on Environmental Quality |
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Definition
| moniters the required EISs and reports directly to the president |
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| Comparative Risk Analyses |
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Definition
| evaluate the health, economic, and ecosystem impacts of a range of environmental issues |
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| dealing with concerns that populations with other social issues face elevated impacts from environmental hazards |
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| justifications for some regulations proposed by the EPA |
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| requires coal burning power plants to outfit smokestacks with 'scrubbers' but exempted tall stacks, leading to an exploit - there were more tall stacks and they then caused acid rain throughout the Northeast |
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| Clean Air Act Ammendments (1990) |
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Definition
| tries to close the accidental loophole in the original act |
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| environmental health, safety, etc are selected based on cost-effectiveness |
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| how people use limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants |
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| Nobel prize winning economist, adresses environment, poverty, nationalism, gender issues, governmental structure. Recognizes complex interactions among environment, society, health, and well-being |
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| the assumption that all individuals try to spend limited resources that maximizes individual utilities |
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| benefit that an individual gets from a service or good |
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| usually negative effect of a firm that does not have to pay all costs associated with production |
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| Optimal amount of pollution |
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Definition
| the cost of having less pollution is offset by the benefits of creating pollution |
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| marginal cost of pollution |
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Definition
| assesing damage to health, property, agriculture, and aesthetics caused by pollution |
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| benefits like clean water and fresh air, provided by natural systems |
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| marginal cost of abatement |
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Definition
| cost associated with reducing a small additional amount of pollution |
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| command and control solution |
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| regulators require buisnesses to install devices to reduce pollution |
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| incentive-based solutions |
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| economists prefer an incentive rather than being told what to do |
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| popular in Europe, it's a green tax that taxes the polluter for the gap in marginal cost faced by society and their own marginal cost, forcing polluters to pay the full cost of pollution |
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| permits allowing certain levels of pollution that can be sold to other companies |
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| Marketable waste-discharge permits |
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Definition
| allows the owner to emit a specified amount of waste. The owner can chose to emit the pollution or sell the permit to those that can't reduce emissions |
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| Cost-effectiveness analysis |
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Definition
| asks 'if we establish this regulation, how much will it cost to achieve some outcome?' outcome is lives saved or years of life saved |
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| total income of a nation for a given year, Gross domestic product, (GDP) Net domsetic product (NDP) |
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| all of Earth's resources and processes that sustain living organisms, including humans |
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| Environmental Performance Index |
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Definition
| assesses a country's commitment to environmental and resource management |
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| field of applied ethics that conisers the moral basis of environmental responsibility and the appropriate extent of this responsibility |
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| helps us make sense of how the environment works, our place in it, and right and wrong environmental behaviors |
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| understanding of our place in the world based on human superiority and dominance over nature, the unrestriced use of natural resources, and increased economic growth to manage an expanding industrial base |
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| understanding of our place in the world based on harmony with nature, spiritual respect for life, and the belief that humans and all other species have an equal worth |
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