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| a group of organisms so closely related that they can freely reproduce with each other; their offspring, in turn, can reproduce |
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| the place where organisms/species live; provides ALL of the needs for that organism/species -- both biotic and abiotic components |
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| everywhere on earth that a certain species is found; determind by habitat availability |
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| all members of the SAME species living in the same location |
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| population of different species living in the same location |
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| combination of abiotic components and all living communities over a wide area |
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| that portion of Earth's surface that contains/sustains life |
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| resources are not spread out evenly. Like herds for defense or hunting
[image] |
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| even amount of rescources spread evenly throughout. It has distinct territories
[image] |
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| population size is affected by: |
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| birth, death, immigration, emmigration |
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| Name the components:
r=(b+i)-(d+e) |
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r= growth rate
b= no. of births
i= no. of immigrants
d= no. of deaths
e= no. of emmigrants |
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| population is getting smaller |
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| population is getting bigger |
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| maximum rate at which a population can increase if all goes well |
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| To the extent that biotic potential is approached depends on: |
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+age at wehich reproduction starts
+amount of lifetime spent reproducing
+no. of offspring produced per repro. event
+no. of repro. events during lifetime |
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organisms reproduce according to what bes 'fits' their situation
over time, evolution has created 2 basic 'strategies' for organisms to follow in regards to reproducing: r and k strategists |
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small size, short lives, many offspring, no parental care of young, generalists, high growth rate
mice, rats, insects, weeds, fish |
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large sized, long lived, small #s of offspring, parental care to young, permanent mates
humans, elephants, whales |
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| the maximum no. of organisms that a habitat can comfortably support (where every individual gets all its needs met without struggle) |
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| when (k) is exceeded we see: |
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| increase in mortality, increase in competition, decrease in birth rate, drop in population |
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| factors that reduce a population size (then divided into 2 categories) |
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factors that reduce a population size as it gets/when it gets too big.
Ex. disease, famine, lack of resources, competition, lack of space/habitat, habitat degredation, predation |
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factors that lower a population but have nothing to do with that population size
can come in and kill members of a population whether the pop. is large or small)
ex. natural disasters, disease, human activities, predation |
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| survivorship and mortality |
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| k strategists have most deaths in old age
r strategists have most deaths early on
intermediate have fairly constant losses throughout lifetimes
[image] |
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environmental conditions remain fairly constant
resources show no fluctuation |
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show big spikes in population size every now and then
every now and then, some change in env./availability of resources |
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consistent/predictable
fluctuations (like changes throughout the year in seasonal environment) |
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| the green plants (autotrophs); do no depend on other organisms for food: use photosynthesis to manufacture food (i.e. sugar) inside their cells |
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| are all animals/various other heterotrophs; cannot make food -- must go out and find food |
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| consumers which consumes only producers (herbivores) |
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| secondary and tertiary consumers |
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consumers that consume ONLY other consumers (carnivores)
Secondary: can themselves be consumed by other carnivores
Tertiary: cannot be consumed by others |
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| examples of primary consumers |
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| hippo, pando, kangaroo, elephant |
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| examples of secondary consumers |
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| fox, snake, flamingo, seal |
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| examples of tertiary consumers |
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| great white shark, killer whale, lions/tigers, wolf |
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| humans, raccoons, monkeys, bears |
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| consumers that consume the dead bodies of all other organisms. They break the dead bodies down into their chemical components, taking in some nutrients, but releasing others into the environment to be used by other organisms; i.e. bacteria/fungi |
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