Factor that is holding back a population aquatic limiting factor

ex. O2, light, temperature  

Top soil (clay, silt, sand)

Dark Soil: rich in nutrients 

Poor Soil: yellow, red, unhealthy 

Uniform loss water crosses a flat field

Water erosion 

Fast flowing water

Water erosion

channel becomes wider and deepers

Water erosion

Planting alternating rows of crops

-legumes

-carrots

-legumes

requires large amounts of energy for production. Releases nitrous oxide (N2O)

-no humus

Nonliving

ex. temperature, sun

1.8 million; estimated 5-100 million species exist.

mostly bacteria and insect

Autotrophs

Make their own food thrugh photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Heterotrophs

can't make their own food, have to consume other organisms

Secondary consumers

feed on primary consumers (herbivores)

single path of feeding relationships

grass->mouse->hawk->hawk dies

inter related food chains

arrow goes to person getting energy

Evaporates waer, generates wind, supports plant growth

42%- heats earth and atmospheres

<1% photosynthesis

1% wind

34% Reflected from clouds

23%

break down carbohydrates to obtain the energy 

requires the presence of O2

Fermentation

get energy by breaking down glucose in absence of O2

Organic matter. Can br produced by producers (synthesis)

-dry weight

GPP-R

Energy output of an area of producers over a given time

R= Respiration

3 Most Productive

3 Least Productive

Most: Swamps/Marshlands, tropical rainforest, estuaries

Least: Tundra, desert scrub, extreme desert, open ocean

H: Habitat destruction & degredation

I: Invasive species

P: Polluation

P: Human population growth

O: Over exploitation

1st: Trophic Level- Plants

2nd: Trophic Level- Primary consumers

3rd: Trophic Level- Secondary consumers

4th: Trophic Level- Tertiary consumers

Mainly water and wind.

Human: construction, off roading, tilling, mining, etc

Turning productive (fertile) soil into less productive soil

-overgrazing

-desforestation

Plants are over saturated

reducing yield

SO2 ( volcanos)

Burning coal

Comes out of decaying material

Reacts in atmosphere to create hydrogen sulfate (H2SO4), sulfuric acid (acid rain)

Human Effects: refining sulfur containing petrol

Very slow

Limiting factor for plant growth

Mine phosphate out of rock and add it to fertilizers and detergents

Human Effects

We add excess phosphates from runoff of animal wastes and fertilizers

Anoxic: no O2

Nutrients cause an algal bloom <-- lots of algae

Too much algae grows on the surface; it blocks out lights, plants die

Then algae start to die and start to decompose

Bacteria that do decomposition require O2

O2 runs out, dish die, the plants are dead

Nitrogen in air (N2)

N2 fixation by bacteria to ammonia

Nitrification by bacteria to nitrate (NO2-)

Then to Nitrate (NO3-)

Denitrification of nitrate (NO3-) by bacteria

back into Nitrogen Gas (N2) Atmosphere

Effects of Humans

Adding Nitrous Oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere can warm the atmosphere

contaminate groun water from nitrate ions in inorganic fertilizers

Atmosphere (CO2)

Photosynthesis/respiration

Limestone (CaCO3)

Effects from humans

Burning fossil fuels

clearing vegetation

Evaporation/transpiration-> plant sweating

Condensation

Precipitation

Infiltration-> enters soil

Percolation -> H2O moves through soil

Effects of Human 

Withdrawing large amounts of fresh water

Polluting surfance and underground water