Term
| SuperFund (CERCLA) regulatory structure |
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Definition
Framework established by congress:
Actual Mechanisms implemented by Congress |
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Term
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Definition
| Created a tax on petroleum and chemical industries |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides broad federal authority to respond to a release or threatened release of hazardous substances environmental disaster that could harm public and environmental health |
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Definition
| established prohibition standards and requirements on closed and abandoned waste sites |
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Definition
| provides liability for people responsible for toxic releases |
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Term
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Definition
| trust fund provides funds for cleanup when no party is found liable |
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Term
Specifics of CERCLA
when party is found responsible |
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Definition
EPA will sue party up to 3 times cost of cleanup
meant to provide leverage or incentive to clean up before contamination becomes a problem |
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Term
| CERCLA: 2 kinds of response actions - 1 |
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Definition
| Short-term removals, where actions may be taken to address releases or threatened releases requiring prompt response |
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Term
| CERCLA: 2 kinds of response actions - 2 |
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Definition
| Long-term remedial responses, actions significantly and permanently reduce the releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that are serious, but not immediately life threatening. |
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Term
| EPA - 3 regulatory mechanisms for cleanup procedure |
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Definition
National Contingency Plan (NCP)
Hazard Ranking System (HRS)
National Priorities List (NPL) |
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Term
| National Contingency Plan (NCP) |
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Definition
Primary regulation dictating CERCLA response actions
- Sets forth detailed procedures to be followed by EPA, the states, and private parties in selecting and conduducting emergency removals and long term cleanup actions |
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Term
| Hazard Ranking System (HRS) |
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Definition
Evaluates the environmental hazards of a site
- numerical screening system assessing dangers of site to human health and the environment |
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Term
| National Priorities List (NPL) |
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Definition
| Uses HRS number to weight priority of contaminated site and its place on the NPL |
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Term
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Definition
October 17, 1986 amendment to CERCLA which increased trust fund from 1.6 billion to 8.6 billion
- also provided preferred remedies to reduce permanently reduce toxicity, mobility or volume through treatment |
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Term
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Definition
- responsible for over 44,409 site assesments
- to date 33,109 sites (75%) of sites have been removed from list |
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Term
| 10 cleanup techniques - 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| 10 cleanup techniques - 2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| recycling, containment, solidification, stabilization, bioremediation, chemical transformation, natural attenuation, incineration |
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Term
| Removal cleanup technique |
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Definition
| physically remove toxic chemicals from site to a facility that can safely treat it. |
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Term
| removal technique: treatment |
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Definition
| treating contaminants from site by removing it from the soil, sediment, or ground water |
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Term
| removal technique - recycling |
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Definition
| treating or converting toxic material and safely re-using it for other purposes |
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Term
| Removal technique - containment |
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Definition
| creating barriers around waste to prevent spread in to areas where people can come in contact with toxic material |
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Term
| removal technique - solidification |
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Definition
| physically binding toxic material in to stabilizing mass like cement |
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Term
| removal technique - stabalization |
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Definition
| includes chemical reactions, like lime, to and the contaminants to reduce their mobility |
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Term
| removal technique -bioremediation |
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Definition
| breaking down contaminants by using natural microrganisms |
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Term
| removal technique - chemical transformation |
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Definition
| detoxifying contaminants by changing chemical structure. |
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Term
| removal technique - natural attenuation |
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Definition
| using natural bio transformation process, such as dilution, dispersion, volatilization, biodegration, adsorption, and chemical reactions to reduce contamination concentration to an acceptable level |
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Term
| removal technique - incineration |
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Definition
| using extremely high temperatures (1,600 - 2,200 degrees F) to render contaminants harmless. |
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Term
| Early SuperFund Cleanup (1981) |
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Definition
| Bullit County Kentucky - The Valley of Drums, discharged toxic chemicals in to a tributary of the Ohio River. Over 4,000 leaking barrels at site. |
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Term
| EPA and response to columbia space shuttle disaster |
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Definition
| EPA assisted NASA and FEMA with monitoring and removal of hazardous material from the columbia disaster |
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Term
| Airborne Spectral-Imagery of Environmental Contaminants Technology (Aspect) |
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Definition
| Airborne device designed to detect chemicals on the surface and provide information for EPA responders |
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Term
| Trace Atmospheric Gas Analyzer (TAGA) |
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Definition
| houses a self contained mobile laboratory that can detect chemicals on the ground in low concentrations. |
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Term
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Definition
| method of disposal that can reduce 25 % of solid waste that goes to landfills by reducing material back in to soil |
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Term
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Definition
| method of disposal that involves the continual use of burying trash in land. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can reduce over half of the waste that goes in to landfills |
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Term
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Definition
any form of garbage that comes from the human population
- only exception is radioactive waste which is regulated by radioactive waste laws. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have Life-span and leaching occurs |
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Term
| Chronology of Solid waste laws |
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Definition
1965 - SWDA was created
1970 - SWDA was amended as National Materials Policy Act
1976 - SWDA was further amended and parts became the RCRA
1984 - SWDA amended entirely as RCRA, Subtitle D. |
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Term
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Definition
Does not indicate that solid waste is harmful to human health
Federal regulations provide many ways of disposing of solid waste |
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Term
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Definition
| does not provide adequate ways of handling benign waste from harmful waste, so state laws expand. |
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Term
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Definition
moved society from open dump to landfill
contains provisions for solid and industrial hazardous and non-hazardous waste |
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Term
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Definition
| includes regulations for state/ regional solid waste plans, research programs, underground storage tanks, and medical wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
| federal policies create methods of disposal, storage, and treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| addreses recycling as a means of reducing need for land disposal |
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Term
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Definition
| an open hole in the ground where trash is dumped in and buried |
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Term
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Definition
| landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate trash from enviorment |
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Term
| Municipal solid waste Landfill |
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Definition
| Uses synthetic or plastic liner to isolate trash from the enviroment |
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Term
| SWDA: what it does not address adequately |
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Definition
household waste
agricultural waste used as fertilizer
mining spoils returned to mines
utility waste from coal combustion
oil and gas exploration drilling waste
cement kiln dust |
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Term
| Structure of Landfill: Bottom up |
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Definition
| ground water than compacted Clay or plastic liner than leachate collection pipe than geotextile mat than gravel than drainage layer than soil layer than trash cells. juxtaposed to site is a leachate pond where liquid is drained in to |
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Term
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Definition
| protect people from hazard waste disposal, conserve energy and natural resources by recycling and recovery, reduce or eliminate waste, clean up waste that has been improperly disposed of. |
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Term
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Definition
| protect people from hazard waste disposal, conserve energy and natural resources by recycling and recovery, reduce or eliminate waste, clean up waste that has been improperly disposed of. |
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Term
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Definition
| stress the handling of hazardous wastes, provides protective framework for managing wastes and leaking sites |
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Term
| RCRA identifies wastes as |
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Definition
| General sources, specific sources, commercial sources (residues, containers) |
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Term
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Definition
| backyard composting, vermi composting (worm composting), and centralized composting. |
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Term
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Definition
| form of yard waste management that reduces yard brush in to small particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Backyard composting, vermicomposting, centralized composting, chipping or mulching |
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Term
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Definition
| Using organic material from yard trimmings to be broken down in to soil |
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Term
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Definition
| worms are used to breakdown organic materials to create composte |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of organic material is collected in to a central location where people can collect soil to be used |
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