The portion of rainfall that runs off a catchment surface during a storm is generally called?

More runoff is expected to occur from pervious surfaces compared to impervious surfaces:

a. True

b. False

b. False

The distance that sheet flow is expected to occur within an urban area is expected to be within the range of?

The stormwater route can be best described as?

The stormwater discharge from a catchment is dependent on the size of the catchment:

a. True

b. False

The temporary storage of surface water and subsequent release downstream at a slower rate than the inflow is termed?

A hydrograph is a plot of?

The falling limb of a discharge hydrograph:

a. Always occurs after the peak discharge

b. Is also called the hydrograph recession

c. Includes both quickflow and baseflow components

d. All of the above

To determine the combined discharge when two creek tributaries join at a confluence, their discharge hydrograph values should be?

The main processes of hydrograph routing involves:

a. Attenuation of the flow peak

b. Translation of the flow peak

c. Both of the above

d. None of the above

500 kL of water is equivalent to:

a. 50,000 L

b. 0.5 GL

c. 0.5 ML

d. 1 m3

e. None of the above

Conservation of Mass is an important concept in water balance in which _______, _______ and _______ are taken into account?

 a measure of flow, in metres cubed per second

(m^3 / s)

The plot of rainfall intensity against time is known as a hydrograph:

a. True

b. False 

b. False.

it is a Hyetograph

The evapotranspiration from a vegetated surface is expected to be less than pan evaporation:

a. True

b. False

An appropriate design standard for the spillway of a major storage might be the flood event corresponding to an ARI of:

a. 1 year

b. 5 years

c. 10 years

d. More than 500 years

e. None of these answers

e. None of these answers

typical would be 10000 to 1000000 years

The number of flood peaks above the threshold is used to calculate the plotting position in a Partial Series analysis:

a. True

b. False

Rainfall intensity increases with ARI

a. True

b. False

Rainfall intensity increases with storm duration

a. True

b. False

⁵⁰I₁₂ is the:

a. 50 year ARI rainfall for the 12 hour duration design storm

b. 12 year ARI rainfall for the 50 hour duration design storm

c. 50% AEP rainfall for the 12 hour duration design storm

d. 50 year ARI rainfall intensity for the 12 hour duration design storm

e. None of these answers

Design IFD rainfalls are used for:

a. Flood frequency analysis

b. Rainfall-based design flood estimation

c. Spatial interpolation of point rainfalls

d. Plotting histograms

e. None of these answers

 Standard durations of IFD rainfalls range from 5 minutes to 72 hours.

a. True

b. False

The standard ARIs of design rainfalls are 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100 years.

a. True

b. False

b. False

20 year ARI is also a standard:

1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years

For a given catchment area, the areal reduction factor increases with storm duration.

a. True

b. False

The total rainfall (in mm) for a design storm event corresponding to an ¹⁰⁰I₆ of 35 mm/h is:

a. 3500

b. 3.5

c. 210

d. 35

e. None of these answers

c. 210

35mm/hr x 6hr = 210mm

The probabilistic Rational method is a rainfall-based procedure to estimate design discharges.

a. True

b. False

The probabilistic Rational Method uses average areal rainfalls for the catchment.

a. True

b. False

The probabilistic Rational Method used for eastern New South Wales is generally only applicable to rural catchments not exceeding a size (in km2 ):

a. 25

b. 100

c. 1000

d. 250

The runoff coefficient for the probabilistic Rational Method for rural catchments is always greater than one:

a. True

b. False

The critical storm duration used to determine the maximum design discharge when using the probabilistic Rational Method is:

a. Always greater than the time of concentration of the catchment

b. Equals the time of concentration of the catchment

c. Not dependent on the catchment size

d. Calculated based on a flood frequency analysis

The estimated time of concentration for a rural Victorian catchment with an area of 210 km2 is:

a. 5.8 hours

b. 58 minutes

c. 158 minutes

d. 58 hours

The appropriate conversion factor to use in the Rational Method is 0.278 when the area is in km2 and the discharge is in cumecs.

a. True

b. False

The frequency factor for the probabilistic Rational Method is always less than one.

a. True

b. False

For any given rainfall excess which is temporally and spatially uniform over a catchment, the greatest peak discharge at the outlet will occur when the duration of rainfall excess is:

a. Less than the time of concentration

b. Equal or greater than the time of concentration

c. Greater than the rainfall duration

d. Less than the travel time for the furthest isochrones

The time of concentration may be defined as the time taken for:

a. All rainfall to be converted to rainfall excess

b. Runoff to appear at the outlet from the commencement of rainfall

c. All parts of the catchment to contribute to runoff at the outlet from the commencement of rainfall

d. All parts of the catchment to contribute to runoff at the outlet from the commencement of rainfall excess

In runoff routing, it is generally preferable to divide the catchment into at least 5 smaller subcatchments.

a. True

b. False

In general terms, routing is the process whereby:

a. Rainfall is converted to rainfall excess

b. The course of the river changes over time

c. The hydrograph changes as it progresses through storage

d. Runoff is lost due to evaporation

e. None of these answers

Storage routing can occur within:

a. The subcatchment as runoff moves across the surface

b. Flow channels, both natural and man-made

c. Reservoirs such as dams and ponds

d. All of these answers

A discharge hydrograph is:

a. A plot of channel discharge against channel flow depth

b. A plot of instantaneous discharge against time

c. Not dependent on the catchment size

d. A plot of discharge against rainfall intensity

e. None of these answers

To determine the combined hydrograph at a creek junction, the tributary discharge hydrographs should be:

a. Numerically added together

b. Multiplied by the ratio of their catchments areas and then added together

c. Compared, and the hydrograph with the largest discharges used as the combined hydrograph

d. Multiplied by the ratio of their discharge peaks and then added together

e. None of these answers

As a flood wave travels from some upstream point to some downstream point, the peak discharge decreases due to storage. The reduction in peak discharge is known specifically as:

a. Routing

b. Lag

c. Attenuation

d. Delay

e. None of these answers

A flood wave travels from some upstream point to some downstream point. If there is no net change in retention storage between the two points then the:

a. Peak inflow lags the peak outflow

b. Peak outflow is greater than the peak inflow

c. Total volume of inflow equals the total volume of outflow

d. Total volume of inflow is less than the total volume of outflow

e. None of these answers

Loss models are used to estimate:

a. Peak outflow from peak inflow

b. Hydrograph lag

c. Hydrograph attenuation

d. Rainfall excess from rainfall

e. None of these answers

An initial-proportional loss model includes:

a. An initial depth of loss followed by a continuing fixed rate of loss

b. An initial depth of loss followed by a continuing rate of loss at a fixed fraction of the rainfall rate

c. An initial rate of loss followed by a continuing rate of loss at a fixed fraction of the rainfall rate

d. An initial depth of loss followed by a continuing fixed depth of loss

e. None of these answers

A rainfall hyetograph comprises values of 12, 15 and 18 mm/h, each over a time interval of 20 minutes. The total depth of rainfall excess using 10mm initial loss and 2 mm/h continuing loss is (in mm):

a. 45

b. 35

c. 5

d. 16

e. None of these answers

If, following the passage of a flood wave through a dam, the volume of storage in the dam is the same before and after the event, then:

a. The inflow discharge was greater than the outflow discharge

b. The inflow discharge was equal to the outflow discharge

c. The total volume of inflow was equal to the total volume of outflow

d. The total volume of inflow was greater than the total volume of outflow

e. None of these answers 

In reservoir routing, the outflow hydrograph:

a. Has a greater peak than the inflow hydrograph

b. Has an earlier peak that the inflow hydrograph

c. Intersects the inflow hydrograph at the time of the peak inflow

d. Intersects the inflow hydrograph at the time of the peak outflow

e. None of these answers

In reservoir routing, the volume in storage:

a. Reaches a maximum at the time of peak of the outflow hydrograph

b. Reaches a minimum at the time of peak of the outflow hydrograph

c. Reaches a minimum at the time of peak of the inflow hydrograph

d. Reaches a maximum at the time of peak of the inflow hydrograph

e. None of these answers

If the weighting factor x in the Muskingum channel routing method is equal to zero, then:

a. Wedge storage is made up of an equal weighting of inflow and outflow

b. Wedge storage is greater than zero

c. Wedge storage is equal to zero

d. Total storage depends only on the inflow

e. None of these answers 

The weighting factor x in the Muskingum channel routing method generally lies in the range between 0 and 0.5:

a. True

b. False

The time constant K in the Muskingum channel routing method is a measure of:

a. The volume in storage along the reach at any particular time

b. The time taken for a flood wave to travel the length of the reach

c. The timestep used in computations

d. The time taken for all storage to drain out of the reach

e. None of these answers

In order of increasing size and flows, urban drainage includes the following sequence of systems:

a. Trunk drainage, street drainage and roof & property drainage

b. Roof & property drainage, street drainage and trunk drainage

c. Roof & property drainage, trunk drainage and street drainage

d. Street drainage, roof & property drainage and trunk drainage

e. None of these answers

Inter allotment drainage is:

a. Required if the allotment slopes away from the road

b. Designed to convey roof drainage

c. Often located within a drainage easement

d. All of these answers

Which of the following is likely to be a design standard for the Minor system of an urban drainage scheme:

a. 2 year ARI

b. 33 year ARI

c. 100 year ARI

d. Probable maximum flood

e. None of these answers

In the Major design storm, a flow depth of 0.5m and a flow velocity of 2.0 m/s at the road gutter would be considered to be acceptable:

a. True

b. False

The time of concentration for overland flow in urban drainage design is determined using:

a. Friend’s equation

b. Weeks equation

c. Pilgrim and McDermott formula

d. Rational equation

e. None of these answers

Standard inlet times are commonly used to:

a. Estimate the flow travel time along the road gutter

b. Estimate the total flow travel time to the pit

c. Estimate the time to drain the road pit

d. Estimate the road gutter velocity

e. None of these answers

The minimum time of concentration used in urban drainage design is generally:

a. 2 minutes

b. 5 minutes

c. 1 minute

d. 20 minutes

e. None of these answers

Pipe discharges should not be taken into account in analysing the capacity of an urban drainage system under the Major design storm:

a. True

b. False 

What is the runoff volume (in ML) corresponding to 25mm runoff from a 20 km2 catchment:

a. 5

b. 50

c. 500

d. 5000

e. None of these answers

What is the volumetric runoff coefficient corresponding to a storm when 55mm runoff occurred in response to 85 mm rainfall:

a. 0.65

b. 0.35

c. 1.0

d. 0.065

e. None of these answers

AWBM , E2 and SYMHYD are all examples of:

a. Runoff routing models

b. Runoff –rainfall models

c. Rainfall excess routing models

d. Rainfall- runoff models

e. All of these answers

The bucket capacities in AWBM should always equal to one:

a. True

b. False

To estimate runoff, the AWBM requires as daily inputs:

a. Evapotranspiration

b. Pan evaporation

c. Crop evaporation

d. Potential evaporation

e. None of these answers

The slope of the rainfall-runoff relationship in AWBM is 1:1 when:

a. All three area fractions are contributing to runoff

b. Only area A1 is contributing

c. The initial loss is zero

d. Rainfall exceeds evapotranspiration

e. None of these answers 

Storage reliability can be defined as:

a. The probability that the storage will be empty

b. The probability that the storage will not be able to supply a demand

c. The probability that the storage will overflow

d. The probability that the storage will be able to supply a demand

e. None of these answers

Draft can be defined as:

a. The average release volume from a dam to meet the required water demand

b. The stored water in the dam unavailable to be used

c. Evaporation loss from the dam surface due to wind

d. The difference between dam inflow and outflow

e. None of these answers

In the zone of saturation of a geological formation, the water content is:

a. Less than the field capacity

b. Less than the wilting point

c. Equal to the porosity of the formation

d. Less than the amount of water held by hygroscopic action

e. None of these answers

In the capillary zone of a geological formation, the water content is:

a. Equal to the plant available water

b. Increasing with depth

c. Decreasing with depth

d. Independent of porosity

e. None of these answers

In groundwater hydrology, specific yield is defined as the:

a. Head loss per unit length of aquifer

b. Volume of water released from an unconfined aquifer per unit surface area of aquifer per unit drop in level of the water table

c. Volume of water released from a confined aquifer per unit surface area per unit drop in piezometric head

d. Product of the hydraulic conductivity and the cross sectional area of the aquifer

e. None of these answers

Darcy’s Law for flow through porous media states that:

a. Discharge is inversely proportional to hydraulic gradient

b. Hydraulic conductivity is proportional to hydraulic gradient

c. Discharge is proportional to the product of hydraulic gradient and cross sectional area of flow

d. Piezometric head is proportional to hydraulic gradient

e. None of these answers 

In groundwater hydrology, transmissivity may be defined as:

a. Sum of hydraulic conductivity and saturated aquifer thickness

b. Flow rate per unit width of aquifer

c. Flow rate per unit width of aquifer divided by hydraulic gradient

d. Product of storativity and hydraulic gradient

e. None of these answers 

A confined aquifer is a geological formation which:

a. Contains only very small quantities of water

b. Is better known as an aquitard because it allows vertical movement of water into a leaky aquifer

c. Holds but cannot transmit any significant quantity of water

d. Always has a free water table

e. None of these answers

A subartesian bore is one which:

a. Penetrates an unconfined aquifer and flows to the surface

b. Penetrates an unconfined aquifer and does not flow to the surface

c. Penetrates a confined aquifer and does not flow to the surface

d. Penetrates a confined aquifer and flows to the surface

e. None of these answers

In groundwater hydrology, the term cone of depression means:

a. The three dimensional conic shape formed by the piezometric surface during an equilibrium pump test

b. The aura surrounding students at exam time

c. The shape of the fresh/salt water interface to coastal aquifers

d. An instrument used to measure drawdown in a pump test

e. None of these answers

For an equilibrium pump test on an unconfined aquifer:

a. The cross section area of flow is a constant

b. Hydraulic conductivity changes with radial distance from the pumped bore

c. The specific yield may be calculated from the observation bore measurements

d. Best results are achieved by positioning the observation bores as close as possible to the pumped bore

e. None of these answers