Term
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Definition
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| Greatest Impact of 20th century |
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Definition
hybridization
contraception
immunization, anitbiotics, hygiene |
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Term
| Chronically undernourished |
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Definition
- In 1960 nearly 60% of the residents in developing countries
- their diet didnt provide the 2,200 kcal per day, on average, considered necessary for a healthy productive life.
- The UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) experts agricultural production to continue to grow over the next few decades.
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Term
| Poverty is the greatest threat to______, or the ability to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis. |
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Definition
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| ______ are characterized by large scale food shortages, massive starvation social disruptions, and economic chaos. |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to energy, we also need specific nutrients in our diets such as |
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Definition
| proteins, vitamins, and certain trace minerals. |
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Term
| You might have more than enough calories and still suffer from___________, a nutritional imbalance caused by a lack of specific dietary components or an inability to absorb or utilize essential nutrients. |
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Definition
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Term
| The FAO estimates that nearly __billion ppl(half the world) suffer from vitamin, mineral, or protein deficiencies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Low hemoglobin levels in the blood, usually caused by dietary iron deficiency. It is the most common nutritional problem in the world. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most widespread human protein deficiency diseases are______and______ |
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Definition
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Term
| A west african word meaning displaced child |
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Definition
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Term
| from the greek "to waste away" is caused by a diet low in both calories and protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 3 crops on which humanity depends for the majority of its nutrients and calories are______,_____, and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the livestock grown in North America are confined in ___________ |
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Definition
| concentrated animal feeding operations(CAFOs) |
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Term
| The rapid proliferation of CAFOs raises a number of social and economic concerns |
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Definition
- Houseing causes serious local air and water pollution
- Storage of waste is a problem
- almost never served by sewage treatment plants
- Land dispostial overloads soil with nutrients and can contaminate food and ground water supplies
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Term
| Animal waste particulary from hog farms often are |
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Definition
- stored in huge open lagoons that can leak or rupture, poisoning local surface waters
- Bacterial growth, which was stimulated by the manure, deoxygenated the water, killed millions of fish and created a "dead zone" in Pamlico Sound that lasted for months
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Term
| Much of the increase in food production over the past 50 years has been fueled by____ _____for agriculture education, research etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| The world bank estimates that rich coutries paytheir wn farmers $___billion per yr, or nearly six times as much as all developmental aid to poor countries |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the Environmental Working Group, 72% of all aid goes to top __% of recipients |
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Definition
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Term
| Just 22 of the nations 435 congressional districts collect ____ ____ half of all agricultural payments. |
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Definition
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Term
| There have been repeated efforts to roll back agricultural payments, but Congress has been more inclines to slash conservation fundys and food assistance for who? |
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Definition
| the poor rather than reduce rewards for their friends. |
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Term
| Subsidies also allow American farmers to sell their products overseas at as much as 20% below the actual cost of production |
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Definition
| this drives local farmers out of business and destabilizes indigenous food production. |
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Term
| _____is a marvelous substance, a living resource of astonishing beauty, complexity, and fraility. It is a complex mixture of weathered mineral materials from rocks, partially decomposed organic molecules, and a host of living organisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| There at least_____different soil series or types in the US and many thousand more worldwide. |
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Definition
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Term
| Much of the organic material in soil is _____, a sticky, brown insoluble residue from the partially decomposed bodies of dead plants and animals |
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Definition
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Term
| Most soils are stratified into horizontal layers called ____ _______ that reveal much about the history and usefulness of the soil. |
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Definition
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Term
| The thickness, color, texture, and composition of each _______ are used to classify the soil |
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Definition
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Term
| Together each horizons make up a ____ _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| covered with a layer of leaf litter, crop residues or other fresh or partially decomposed organic material. |
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Definition
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Term
| Topsoil! Organic matter(humus), living organisms, inorganic minerals |
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Definition
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Term
| Zone of leaching! Dissolved or suspended materials move downward |
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Definition
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Term
| Subsoil! Accumulation of iron, aluminum, humic compounds, and clay leached down from the A and E horizons |
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Definition
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Term
| Regolith! Partially broken down inorganic minerals |
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Definition
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Term
| The last part of the soil |
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Definition
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Term
| Farm Policy Advantages and Disadvantages |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-help local farmers
-encourage unhealthy debts
-low cost yeilds high calories(fats, sugars)
-high cost{fresh fruit and veggies} |
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Term
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Definition
-cripples production
-US under cuts
-destablizes indijus foods
force farmers out of business |
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Term
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Definition
-Conservation Reserve Program
-prevent soil erosion(chemicals into water{run-off})
-row crop cost $7
-non-planting crops cost $1
-most agrumonist say we said more CRP land
-We really need more balance
-prevents $450 billion ton/year of erosion |
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Term
| A thin layer taken off the land surface is called ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| When little rivulets of running water gather together and cut small channels in the soil, the process is called____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| When rills enlarge to form bigger channels or ravines that are too large to be removed by normal tillage operations, we call the process___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Conversion of productive land to desert |
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Definition
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Term
| Ridgelands and pastures, which generally are too dry for cultivation are highly susceptible to ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the UN____% of the world's grasslands are suffering from overgrazing and soil degradation |
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Definition
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Term
| Two areas of particular concern are _____ and _____. Arid lands where rains are sporadic and infrequient and the economy is based primarily on livestock. |
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Definition
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Term
- Temperate climate
- adiquate or abundant water
- Soil fertility
- USA CANADA EUROPE
- increased growth fertilization(irrigation, pesticide)
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Definition
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Term
| Excessive use not only wastes water; Soil is saturated with water and plant roots die from lack of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| Mineral salts accumulate in the soil, occurs particually when soils in dry climates are irrigated with saline water |
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Definition
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Term
* careful management of soil
-Since 1930 progessed not yet sustainable
-Ground cover; Leaves, crop residue---->reduce erosion, decreased evaporation, protects critters, aeration, moderate soil temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| The main reason the world's food supplies have been able to keep pace with the growing human population over the past few decades. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first advances under the green rev were for _____, such as wheat, corn and rice |
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Definition
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Term
| _____involves removing genetic material from one organism and splicing it into the chromosomes of another |
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Definition
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Term
| taking a bit of DNA from here, a bit from there, even synthesizing artificial DNA sequences to create desired characteristics in _______ |
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Definition
| genetically modified organisms(GMOs) |
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Term
| Currently about __% of all soybeans, ___% or the cotton and ___% of all maize(corn) is grown in the US |
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Definition
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Term
| plowing across the hill rather than up and down. |
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Definition
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Term
| the planting of different kinds of crops in alternating strips along the land contours |
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Definition
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Term
| shaping the land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil. The edges of the terrace are planted with soil-anchoring plant species. |
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Definition
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Term
| A general term for a protective ground cover that can include manure, wood chip, straw, seaweed, leaves, and other naturak products |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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reducing the number of times a farmer distrubs the soil by plowing, cultivating, etc. Involves a disc or chisel plow rather than a traditional moldboard plow
Leaves up to 75% of the plant debris on the surface between the rows, pre-venting erosion |
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Definition
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Term
| farming uses a coulter, a sharp disc like a pizza cutter, which slices through the soil, opening up a furrow or slot just wide enough to insert seeds. |
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Definition
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Term
| planting is accomplished by drilling seeds into the ground directly through mulch and ground cover. |
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Definition
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