Term
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Definition
Latin Name: Armillaria spp.
Host: RO, RM, SM, PO, JP, RP, EWP, BS, RS
Native: YES
Impact: Most damaging organism in NA
Sign/Symptom: White mycelial fans under root bark, root collar with red basal colouring, honey coloured mushrooms, black rhizomorphs under bark, yellow foliage, branch death in upper crown, effects concentric circles.
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Term
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Definition
Host: TA (mostly), LTA, RM, SM, BP, SA
Native: Yes
Impact: Completely girdles stem, killing upper portion of tree, makes tree succeptible to stem snap.
Sign/Symptom: Yellowish-orange discolouring of bark, canker enlarges, bark shows blistering and cracking.
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Term
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Definition
Latin: Nectria galligena
Host: LTA, TA, BW, BE, WB, YB, RM, SM
Native: Yes
Impact: Reduces in loss of merchantable volume, makes stem more succeptible to stem snap, reduces veneer quality.
Sign/Symptom: Bulls Eye shaped canker, found by branch stub, bulls eye may be covered with callous bark,
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Term
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Definition
Latin: Cronartium ribicola
Host: White Pine and Ribes.
Native: Non-Native
Impact: Kills tree above affected area, kills WP all ages and sizes, considered one of the most destructive diseases.
Sign/Symptom: Shepards crook, elongated cankers, spikey top or flagging [red needles] system. On ribes species dome-shaped uredinia,
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Term
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Definition
Host: BN
Native: No
Impact: Trees are infected in lower crown and die, downward as spores from cankers are washed down the stem.
Sign/Symptom: Elongated sunken cankers, that exude inky-black fluid in the spring. LAter appear as sooty black patches with whitish margin.
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Term
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Definition
Host: American Elm
Native:No
Impact: Causes Vascular wilt, and death of the host
Sign/Symptom: Brown discontinuous streaking in wood, wilting, curling and browning of leaves during summer. The bole is opened by elm beetles, disease is fungal. |
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Term
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Definition
Host: American Beech
Native: No
Impact: Kills beech tree in 10 years, causes deformities in bark that render trees un-marketable.
Sign/Symptom: Scale insects on stem [wooly nymph], strange cankerous bark, tiny red lemon-shaped fruiting bodies the size of a pin head, trunk may have reddish colour. |
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Term
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Definition
Latin: Glycobius speciosus
Host: SM, RM,
Native: Yes
Impact: Damages the trunk and can girdle the tree.
Over-Wintering: Overwinters in the fall of its second year, 10cm deep in sapwood in created chamber, pupates in 2nd year. |
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Term
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Definition
Latin: Pissodes strobi
Host: EWP, NS
Native: YES
Impact: Girdles leader, leads to multi stemmed trees, or trees with crooked boles
Sign/Symptom: Shepards crook, visible feeding punctures made by adult weevils. Damage is done by the larvae.
Over Winters: Adults overwinter in the forest litter, and can live for several years. Emerge when temperature reaches 24C and climb up tree to lay eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
Latin: Malacosoma disstria
Host: Po, O, Apple, TA is preferred
Native: Yes
Impact: Defoliator,
Sign/Symptom: Multiple worms, often cover houses when aspen are not flushed out. Have been known to prevent cars and trains.
ID: White spots running down its back. |
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Term
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Definition
Latin: Malacosoma americanum
Host: Choke cherry, especially in wasteland or hedgerows
Native: Yes
Impact: Defoliator, makes a nest
Sign/Symptom: Defoliated leaves, web-like nest.
ID: Continuous cream covered line down its back. |
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Term
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Definition
Latin: Choristoneura fumiferana
Host: BF, WS, RS, BS, TL, JP and EH
Native: Yes
Impact: Defoliator, can kill trees if infected 4-years in row, works in a 50 year cycle, last major ourbreak 1975-1980
Sign/Symptom: Severly effected stands, turn rusty colour, defoliated stands take on grayish appearance.
Overwinters: Second instar, in hibernaculum in crown interior, eaten by neotropical song-birds, warblers. |
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Term
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Definition
Host: Softwood logs
Native: Yes
Impact: Bores holes in logs reducing structuring strength, sawlog quality and value.
Sign/Symptom: Piles of frass on exterior of logs,
Overwinters: Larvae, spends second winter in the log developing into a pupa. Develops into an adult the next summer. Therefore the development takes 2 years. Sometimes in white pine logs the development may be completed in one year. |
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Term
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Definition
Latin: Dendroctonus ponderosae
Host: Lodgepole Pine, Douglas Fir, Scots Pine, Spruce, possibly Jack Pine [Issue for Maritimes]
Native: Yes
Impact: Girdles the stem and introduces three types of blue stain fungus that block the movement of water through the stem.
Sign/Symptom: Needles of trees remain green during winter, discolour the next summer and may remain discoloured for a third year where the foliage turns a gray/brown.
Overwinter: Overwinters as late instar larvae or pupae, in late spring to early summer, pupae metomorph into mature beetles and attack trees. |
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Term
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Definition
Latin: Adelges tsugae
Host: EH, Carolina Hemlock [Tsuga caroliniana]
Native: No. Exotic
Impact: Complete defoliators. Death occurs within four years of continuous infection.
Sign/Symptom: Dieback of twigs and discoloration of leaves. Nymph feeding on White wooly sacs at base of needles, in particular younger growth needles.
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Term
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Definition
Latin: Lymantria dispar
Host: RO, BF, TA, GB, WB, SM, RM, SA, people, CC, BC, AS, EWP, SP,
Native: No
Impact: Defoliator, significant growth loss.
Sign/Symptom: Spongy egg mass covered in tan/buff coloured hairs from females abdomen. Egg masses found on trunks and branches or debris near trees.
Overwinter: Egg stage
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Term
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Definition
Host: WA, RA, BA,
Native: No
Impact: Crown dieback, from top down in first-year.
Sign/Symptom: Exit holes are "D" shaped, 3.5-4.1 mm across, sawdust may be visible on exit hole, or beside it. 1/3 to 1/2 branches die first year. All die the next year. Foliage wilts and turns yellow during the growing season. Epicormic branches are found on dieing trees.
Over Winters: Larval form in tree, often for two seasons.
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