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Entomology: Insect body
Body parts and Respiration
45
Other
Undergraduate 2
12/13/2006

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Cards

Term
Why are insects important?
Definition
MEDICAL REASONS:
- malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, west nile fever, filiarisis (many diseases)

SHEER ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY:
- Insects dominate the planet

FOOD WEB DYNAMICS
- Help transfer energy from plants (captured formt he sun)
- Insect corporates from plants.

POLINATION AND INSECT PRODUCTS
- Humans derive wax from bee colonies. Humans collect pollen and honey.

SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE:
- Genetics...etc. variance of science (all areas of science)

INSPIRATION FOR LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART.
Term
MAIN BODY REGIONS: Insects are segmented how? What are the segments?
Definition
Segments form Tagma. Tagma is the fusing of segments. CONSISTS of: Abdomen (around 11 segs.), Thorax (3 segs.), and Head.
Term
MAIN BODY REGIONS: Exoskeleton
Definition
Sclerites (harder than membrane), Flexible membranes, Coats everything ex. wings, and mouthparts inside and out; exception: guts
Term
Exoskeleton Components?
Definition
Basement membrane (where the exoskeleton starts), Cellular Epidermia: living layer of cells, Cuticle: gives the structure to the exoskeleton (harderns it), Epicuticle: allows insect to be waterproof, gives surface properties to the exoskeleton
Term
Cuticle components?
Definition
Chitin: a polysaccharride
Sclerotin: protein
Sclerotinization
Waxes and lipids
Term
Consequences of an Exoskeleton?
Definition
-Retards/prevents water loss (insects able to keep water in due to water and lipids)

-Physical defensive barrier

-Growth by molting

-Able to fly

-Precise muscle attached

-Shock absorption

-Size limitation

*Strength: power of 2
*Mass: power of 3
Term
Insect HEAD>Mouthparts:generalized chewing> LABRUM
Definition
functions as an upper lip; helps keep food in the mouth as it's being processed
Term
CHEWING MOUTHPART>Mandibles
Definition
1 of 2 set of jaws; come together underneath the labrum, serves to cut up food; jaws come together sideways (grinds/cuts)
Term
CHEWING MOUTHPART>Maxillae
Definition
2nd set of jaws; a pair of them that comes together; it is hidden behind the mandibles; Additional grinding once food passes through mandibles
Term
CHEWING MOUTHPART> Labium
Definition
functions as a lower lip
Term
CHEWING MOUTHPARTS> Palps
Definition
finger-likie projections that comes off the labum; manipulates the food ( james it into their mouth) They have taste receptors at the end
Term
CHEWING MOUTHPART> Hypopharynx
Definition
tongue
Term
PIERCING-SUCKING MOUTHPARTS
Definition
- Do not chew, evovles from the basic chewing mouthparts.
Term
PIERCING-SUCKING MOUTHPARTS> Labium
Definition
Big long protective troft...gutter
Term
PIERCING-SUCKING MOUTHPARTS> Labrum
Definition
Almost gone
Term
PIERCING-SUCKING MOUTHPARTS> Mandibular Stylet
Definition
- Modified to form stylets; stylets hook together in pairs, holds the maxillary stylets inside.
- Once the stylets jab into plant, the food canal sucks it up
- Salivary canal may inject toxin to paralyze.
- *Stylets evovle from MANDIBLE + MAXILLAE
Term
Mouthpart of FLIES?
Definition
Spongy mouthparths. spongy-lapping ; uses sponges to sponge up their food.
Term
Mouthpart of BEES?
Definition
Have a little big of everything. Mandibles : chew/cut hidden behind galea
Term
Antennae
Definition
Sensory structures: detects odor, humidity, vibration in air (sound), wind, windspeed, wind direction. Wide variety of types.
Term
Parts and Stucture of Antennae
Definition
[Goes form the head outward]
1.) scape
2.) pedicel
3.) flagellum
4.) Johnston's organ (located inthe scape) DETECTS VIBRATION, FLIGHT SPEED, RIPPLES IN WATER, SOUND
Term
Compound eyes?
Definition
Each one of the facets have structures called "ommatidium"
Term
Dorsal Ocelli
Definition
Detect whether it's light or dark
Term
Features of the THORAX [segments]
Definition
Three segments: pro-, meso-, meta-
- 1st segment:prothorax(adjacent to head)
- 2nd segment: mesothorax(middle)
- last segment: metathorax(adjacent to abdomen)
Term
What is the thorax responsible for?
Definition
Locomotion
Term
THORAX> what's special about each segment?
Definition
Tergum (notum)...top part if Pro-notum..prothorax is enlarged
PLEURONS (sides)
STERNUM (bottom)
Term
THORAX> Legs
Definition
Insects have 3 pairs of legs; therefore 6 legs TOTAL
Term
THORAX> Legs> Parts of leg
Definition
- Coxa (looks like a ball-joint attached to thorax)
- Trochanter
- femur
- tibia
- tarsus (multi-segmented)
- pretarsus (comes into contact with surface)
Term
MODIFIED LEGS: a)Cursorial, b)Natatorial, c)Saltatorial, d)Raptorial, e)Fossorial
Definition
a) run/walk
b) swim
c) jump
d) grabbing prey/predator
e) dig
Term
WINGS
Definition
- Only organs of flight among invertebrates.
- Power of flight is tremendous.
- Not all insects have wings.
Term
Two main categories of insecTs based on wings: A)APTERYGOTA B)PTERYGOTA
Definition
A) DO NOT HAVE WINGS (WITHOUT)
B) HAVE WINGS (WITH)
Term
WHAT ARE WINGS MADE OF?
Definition
WINGS ARE 2 LAYERS OF EXOSKELETON THAT ARE SMASHED TOGETHER; UPPER LAYER + LOWER LAYER; TRAPPED BETWEEN LAYERS ARE NERVES, BLOOD CELLS, AND RESPIRATORY
Term
Modified Wings> Basic wings
Definition
Membranous (membrane) most insects have 2 pairs of wings: MESOTHORAX + METATHORAX
Term
TYPES OF MODIFIED WINGS
Definition
'HALTERES' IN FLIES: pair of halteres in the metathorax help flies fly, function as 'gyroscope'

'ELYTRA' IN BEETLES

'HEMELYTRA' IN TRUE BUGS (HALFWINGS)

TEGMINA IN GRASSHOPPERS (AERODYNAMICS)

WING PADS IN SAME JUVENILES (DEVELOPMENTAL WINGS)
Term
DO ADULT OR JUVENILES HAVE WINGS?
Definition
ONLY ADULTS!
Term
What is special about scales on butterflies?
Definition
Scales on butterflies and moths (defracts light) has thousands and thousands of shingles.
Tremendous variety of forms.
*venation pattern can be used for identification*
Term
What does the ABDOMEN function as?
Definition
[holds guts] RESPIRATION.
Term
EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES of ABDOMEN
Definition
[Main physiological functions]
- CERCUS: like fingers, use for sensory input. reproductive features..
- SPIRACLES: holes in abdomen
- OVIPOSITOR (FEMALES): a valve, deploy eggs
- CERCI (MALES)
Term
What is the abdomen's texture...?
Definition
- Usually relatively soft and flexible: mating, oviposition, making stinging VERY FLEXIBLE
Term
What is special about Abdominal Legs?
Definition
Prolegs
Term
RESPIRATORY in the ABDOMEN
Definition
*external respiratory structures = gills*

Entrance to the respiratory system:Spiracles in adults; pair of holes (one on each side of body)

Insects do not breath through mouth.

They have a set of valve to preent water loss..or not, hooks onto a tube into body.
Term
Are insects prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Definition
Eukaryotic: require oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide.
Term
Problems dealing with respiration
Definition
Problems with water loss.

Diffusion of CO2 thorugh tissues is 25x faster than O2 excreting through tissues.
Term
How to get O2 to tissues? Spiracles?
Definition
Diffusion won't work except in very small animals.

Spiracles = entry way for gas exchange (only opens up to breath) do not inhale of exhale!
Term
TRACHIAL SYSTEM
Definition
A)Spiracular valve, spiracular opening, tracheal trunk, air sac, tracheole, muscle system
Term
Do insects use hemoglobin to breathe?Air sac? Active ventilation?
Definition
NO.

Air sac: throughout body; displaces guts, tissues, etc.; acts as storage for oxygen...enables growth.

Active ventilation: coordinate ventilation (spiracle opening)
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