Term
| What is the world's most dangerous insect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are insects good for? (2 reasons) |
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Definition
Pollination
Recycling (wheel of life) |
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Term
| Smallest, biggest, fastest? |
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Definition
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Term
| Insects are __% of all animals and __% of all species. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are their secrets to success? (3) |
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Definition
1. Adaptable Exoskeletons
2. Small Body Size
3. Short Generation time |
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Term
| Give one insect vector disease that affects humans? animals? plants? |
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Definition
Human-West Nile
Animal- Heart worm
Plant- Pierce's diease |
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Term
| Name two ways the insects affect the environment. |
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Definition
1. Break down organic materials
2. Modify soil
3. Make some areas unlivable
4. Help/injure other elements of the ecosystem
5. Key element of many food webs |
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Term
| Name four characteristics of arthropods. |
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Definition
1. Exoskeleton, must shed to grow
2. Segmented
3. Jointed Appendages
4. Ventral Nerve Chord
5. Open Circulatory System |
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Term
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Definition
| Lobsters, crabs- NOT INSECTS |
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Term
| What do varroa mites and tracheal mites do? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
one pair of legs per segment
one pair of large antennae
nearly all predaceous & venomous |
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Term
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Definition
Two Pairs of Legs per segment
No venomous bite; noxious chemical release |
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Term
| How can you tell if something is an insect? |
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Definition
3 body regions
3 pairs of legs
compound eyes
wings (usually)
one pair antennae
trachea |
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Term
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Definition
Dragonflies
Chewing mouthparts
Prolonged beak |
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Term
| Coleoptera: Family Lampyridae |
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Definition
Lightning Bugs, Fireflies
Produce 'cool' light |
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Term
| Scorpion Fly (Order Mecoptera) |
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Definition
| Head usually prolonged beak |
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Term
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Definition
Flies
One pair on wings on thorax
Important pests and beneficial |
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Term
| Order Siphonaptera (Flea) |
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Definition
| Carry plague and parasites |
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Term
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Definition
Adults NEVER leave animal host
Eggs fall from animal, usually in resting area
Larvae usually feed on animal feces |
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Term
| Skippers (Family Hesperiidae) |
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Definition
Stouter (fat) body
Hooked antennae |
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Term
| Caterpillars (Lepidopteran Larvae) |
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Definition
Six true legs attached to thorax
usually six lateral stemmata |
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Term
| Order: Lepidoptera (Family: Danaidae) |
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Definition
Milkweed Butterflies
Monarch- feed on milkweed for protection |
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Term
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Definition
Spring: mate and fly north
Lay eggs on Milkweed
Summer: several generation
Migrates to Mexico, NONE RETURN |
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Term
| Order trichoptera (caddisfly) |
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Definition
Almost all aquatic as larvae
lives underwater |
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Term
| Order Hymenoptera (ant, bee, wasp) |
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Definition
Four wings, hind smaller
Chewing mouthparts
Females only stinging, work, defense
Many social as well as solitary species |
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Term
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Definition
| male-full complement of chromosomes, come from unfertilized eggs |
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Term
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Definition
only chromosomes from the female parent
come from fertilized eggs |
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Term
| Family Formicidae- the ants |
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Definition
All are social insects
workers, soldiers- all female
Males live just long enough for mating |
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Term
| How are new ant colonies formed? |
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Definition
| New queens lose wings and the males die. |
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Term
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Definition
invasive
bite AND sting
only females can sting |
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Term
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Definition
2 step program
baits twice per year
mound treatments for established colonies |
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Term
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Definition
only one queen
Dance to direct food sources
(round/waggle dance)
African Bees- same, but more aggressive |
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Term
| ___ stings per pound of body weight is fatal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
made of chitin- sugar polymer for toughness and flexibility
resilin- elastic, can store energy (grasshoppers) |
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Term
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Definition
only immatures molt
instars-period between molt
Ecdysone-molting hormone |
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Term
| Digestion/Excretion (three sections) |
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Definition
Stomodeum- Ingestion, digestion
Mesenteron- Absorption
Proctodeum- Excretion, regulation |
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Term
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Definition
Makes plants/woods harder
Also in insects:
Bacteria- few Beetles
Protozoans-termites, roaches |
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Term
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Definition
Relies very heavily on diffusion
O2 enters through openings called spiracles (abdomen and thorax) |
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Term
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Definition
does not move O2
open system
blood called- hemolymph
facilitated by dorsal aorta |
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Term
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Definition
Neuron groups form ganglia
brain and segmental ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vision, integration of multiple behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Connects to Stomatogastric sysem; integrates input from other brain lobes |
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Term
| Simple eye parts (vs compound eye) |
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Definition
Ocelli (no images, changes in light)
and stemmata |
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Term
| About 1/2 of all insect species are ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What do insects hear with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mutualism (+/+)
Commensalism (+/0)
Predation/parasitism (+/-)
Competition (-/-) |
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Term
| Beetles are _____&_______ pollinators. |
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Definition
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Term
| What three things do attract pollinators? |
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Definition
1. Odors
2. Colors
3. Nectar |
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Term
| Advantages of wind pollination |
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Definition
not dependent on third party
no need to supply 'reward' |
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Term
| Disadvantages of wind pollination |
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Definition
untargeted
decreased likelihood of out-crossing
much larger production of pollen needed
plants don't disperse well |
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Term
| Advantages of insect pollination |
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Definition
Facilitates out-crossing, even if plants are dispersed
Helps plants colonize new habitats more rapidly
reliable dispersal facilitated plant specialization (leads to diversity) |
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Term
| Disadvantages of insect pollination |
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Definition
3rd party involved
plant must produce reward |
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Term
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Definition
rich in sugars
amino acids, proteins, and lipids |
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Term
| Nonedible pollinators rewards: Heat (2) |
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Definition
usually involves beetles
flowers metabolize lipids and starches |
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Term
| Nonedible pollinators reward: Insect Mimics (2) |
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Definition
flowers mimic prey (aphids attacked by wasps)
Wasps,sawflies and ants are all decieved by some flowers |
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Term
| Non edible pollinator rewards: Other mimics (2) |
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Definition
Flowers mimic other flowers that offer rewards
smells like a dead animal attracts flies |
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Term
| What are the costs to the pollinator? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the costs to the plant? |
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Definition
| Resources to produce reward, risks of being robbed, attraction of herbivores |
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Term
| Pollination patterns of beetles |
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Definition
| usually associaed with dish/bowl flowers |
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Term
| Pollination patterns of Flies |
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Definition
| associated with white, smelly flowers; variation |
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Term
| Pollination patterns of Butterflies |
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Definition
long tongue, deep in flower, sweet odors, bright colors, red
(moth flowers-less color, more odor) |
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Term
| ___ are the largest group of efficient pollinators |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two bee adaptations for plant interactions |
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Definition
plumose hairs
diet of nectar and pollen |
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Term
| Name two plant adaptations for bees |
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Definition
colors in bees' range of cvision
separate petals |
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Term
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Definition
egg (few days)
larva (few weeks)
Pupa (variable)
Adult (a few weeks) |
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Term
| How many described species of insects? |
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Definition
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Term
| External phytophagous feeding patterns |
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Definition
consume foliage, fruit, and roots directly
suck plant juices |
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Term
| Mechanical Plant Defenses |
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Definition
spines/thornes- prevents large herbivores, not useful against insects
Trichomes-specialized epidermal cells may be straight spikes or hooks (deters feeding, slices insect cuticle) |
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Term
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Definition
| Alkaloids are very common (1/3, of plants have them (caffiene, morphine, nicotine) |
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Term
| What is it called when plants can withstand damage without compromising fitness? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| monarch butterflies hold chemical in special tissues or structures where it cannot interfere with metabolism, and make them have bad taste against predators |
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Term
| Most insect species feed only within_________ plant family(s). |
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Definition
| one. (10% feed on more than 3) |
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Term
| What ways can insects transmit diseases? |
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Definition
Mechanical-disease agent comes in contavt with feet/mouth/etc. and is simply passed along
Plant- hemiptera, thysanoptera |
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Term
| ___% of plant diseases are transmitted by insects. |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of Parasitoids |
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Definition
attack various hosts, but tend to be species specific
Must find proper sites where hosts occur
Often rely on volatile cues
May use odor, sound, vibration |
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Term
| Charateristics of Parasites |
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Definition
Rare among insects (7 of 34 families)
Kelptoparasites use resources of other species
Cuckoo bee lays eggs in other bee nests
Some flies steal from spiders
Smoe spiders steal from spider |
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Term
| What determines carrying capacity? (biotic factors) |
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Definition
density dependent
competition for food, shelter, mates
natural enemies |
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Term
| What determines carrying capacity? (abiotic factors) |
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Definition
density independent
climate
temperature
moisture
space |
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Term
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Definition
colonization of a habitat is affected by 3 key factors
-distance from source
-size of new habitat
-population size in source
Colonization is also affected by the dispersal ability of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
high reproduction, low survival
highly mobile
colonize unstable environments
weak competitors |
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Term
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Definition
reduced reproduction, high survival
variable mobility
colonize stable environments
strong competitors |
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Term
| Eusociality (3 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. comparitive brood care
2. reproductive division of labor
3. overlapping generations
(predominately hymenoptera and ispotera) |
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Term
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Definition
| the more genes you share with someone else, the greater the fitness you gain by working together to promote survival of shared genes |
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Term
| What order is kin selection theory most applicable? why? |
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Definition
| hymenoptera; because they are arrhenotokus-females from fertilized eggs and males from unfertilized |
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Term
| Characteristics of Eusocial Life |
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Definition
all social insects have castes that are differntiated functionally and morphologically (workers, soldiers, drones/kings, queens)
chemical communication is critical
trail, alarm, death pheromones |
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Term
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Definition
| males and females both participate in colony activity |
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Term
| What pesticide is responsible for saving the most human lives? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pesticide is broad term including what 4 things? |
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Definition
herbicides
insecticides
fungicides
rodenticides |
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Term
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Definition
inventor won novel prize
nontarget effects,
all domestic use stopped in 1972 |
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Term
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Definition
| "sea around us" marine books to promote pesticide regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for ensuring that pesticides do not pose 'unreasonable' risks to human health or the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| just because you can measure it does not make it dangerous. The converse is also true. (1 or more pesticides were found 90% of the time in major streams) |
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Term
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Definition
| No Observable Effect Limit |
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Term
| Exceeding Aquatic-life Benchmarks |
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Definition
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Term
| what time of year are most pesticides used? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hormones-chemical that control the body |
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Term
| What is happening to all kinds of amphibians? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are pesticides a Cause for honey bee declination? |
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Definition
| USDA says there is no one factor, other possible causes include water quality, diseases, mites, combinations |
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Term
| Pesticide ingredients are on ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Danger-extremely dangerous, skin eye irritant
poison- small amt fatal
warning-larger amounts to injure humans
caution-least dangerous |
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Term
| your risk from pesticide depends on the pesticides'__________ and your___________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sites indicated in the label (only use there) |
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Term
|
Definition
| do not exceeding labeling rates or frequency is often illegal |
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Term
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Definition
dont ignore directions
dont allow children access
dont put in food containers |
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Term
| Can enough food be produced organically? |
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Definition
| will it be cheap enough for everyone to afford? (population will double in 30-40 years) |
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Term
| FDA estimated that __% of fruits and veggies have no detectable residues |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Genetically Modified Organisms- genetic materials are added through means other than traditional plant breeding |
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Term
| How often do people eat them? |
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Definition
| every day, nearly all soy, corn and cotton is GMO |
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Term
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Definition
| 95%-100% organic-USDA seal may appear |
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Term
| Why do farmers use pesticides? |
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Definition
Labor substitute
Instant results
Consumer demands |
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Term
| How do you keep plants healthy? |
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Definition
| proper soil, moisture, sun, etc. |
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Term
| How can you find out what to do? |
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Definition
| Cooperative Extension & learn about planting |
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Term
| How do you avoid pest problems? |
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Definition
be careful when you work (avoid wounding, don't eat wet plants)
remove plant debris/diseased materials
preserve beneficials |
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Term
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Definition
| don't kill them, use insecticides sparingly and be selective in which ones you use |
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Term
| What are they looking for? |
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Definition
| prey, shelter, water, food (nectar, pollen) |
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Term
| Integrated Pest management |
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Definition
| Monitoring (looking, traps) think about ecology (why, how) reduce need for pesticides |
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Term
| Common 'organic' pesticides |
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Definition
Spinosad- Bull's eye (beetles, caterpillars, thrips, and flies)
Soaps/oils sprayed on insects
bacillus thuringiensis- caterpillars
B. israelensis- mosquito dunks |
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