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| study evolutionary history of organisms |
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| product of genotype and environment |
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| shared, derived traits that set one species apart |
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| traits are shared because of shared ancestry |
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| traits are similar because of convergent evolution |
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| a common ancestor and all of its descendants |
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| shared, derived traits or characters |
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| a grouping where some but not all descendants are included |
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| a grouping where some of the descendants are included but not the common ancestor |
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| a species that is so important to the greater assemblage and complexity of an environment, that its loss would collapse the wider ecosystem |
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| bees, ants, wasps, sawflies |
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| grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, katydids |
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| various taxonomically defined groups of organisms |
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| use of insects as human food |
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| charismatic megafauna species of insects that are used to enhance wider public awareness and engender financial support for conservation support |
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| where single species conservation preserves many other species by default |
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| 6 interrelated principles/guidelines for insect conservation |
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Definition
1) maintain reserves
2) protect land outside reserves
3) maintain quality heterogenous landscape
4) reduce contrast between remnant patches of habitat and nearby disturbed patches
5) simulate natural conditions, including disturbance
6) connect patches of quality habitat |
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| there are 4 important events in the evolution of insects |
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Definition
1) Evolution of Hexapoda
2) Evolution of Wings
3) Evolution of Wing folding
4) Evolution of Complete metamorphosis |
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Definition
mouthparts are directly below the head
*think about grasshoppers |
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mouthparts are in front of the head
*most predatory insects |
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mouthparts are behind the head
*used for piercing and sucking from a host |
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| mouthparts are inside of the head |
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| mouthparts are visibly outside of the head |
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| Suctorial (non-mandibulate) |
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| piercing-sucking mouthparts; typical of dipterans and hemipterans |
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typical of all lepidopterans
*non-stylate |
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typical of most dipterans
*non-stylate |
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typical of hymenopterans
*non-stylate |
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| two apical lobes of labium; have pseudotracheae |
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Definition
Scape: first*
Pedicel: second; has Johnston's organ that is used to measure wind-speed *
*only true segments
Flagellum: last; used for sensation |
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| thread-like; segments of the flagellum are longer then they are wide |
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| clubbed terminal segments enlarged |
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| clubbed terminal segments enlarged gradually |
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| saw-like; primairily found on beetles |
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feather-like (whorl of hairs)
found on most lepidopterans
male mosquitoes have them and use them to detect the frequency of their females |
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| last segment with hair (arista) |
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| last segment with finger-like process (style) |
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terminal segments with lobed plates
*all scareb beetles have these |
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elbowed (bent in the middle)
*hymenopterans |
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| made up of numerous ommatidia, which each function as single facet of the eye |
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| non-compound eyes; single eyes; between 0 and 3; usually found between compound eyes; used to measure photoperiod |
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| formed by an invagination of the head's exoskeleton; increases the rigidity of the head and provides support for the brain and jaw muscle attachment |
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| hardened plates of arthropod exoskeleton |
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| prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax |
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| fusion of the meso and metathoraic segments; has an internal skeleton similar to head for same function |
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| the tergum of the prothorax |
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| coxa, trachanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, pretarsus |
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| on pretarsus; pad between tarsal claws |
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| on pretarsus; pad beneath tarsal claw |
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| on pretarsus; stout bristle between claws |
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| prehensile or cheliform legs |
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| internal growth of the exoskeleton |
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| usually associated with sclerite demarkation |
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| costal C, subcostal Sc, radius R, medial M, cubitus Cu, anal A |
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| the main part of the wing that doesn't fold; is modified into a sheath |
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forewing is hardened sheath for protection
*mostly in coleoptera |
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| basal half of forewing is leathery; distal half of the wing is membraneous |
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| hind-wing has been severely reduced in size to a tiny, club-like structure; used as a stablizer |
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| hamuli on the costal margin of the hind wing and attach to the anal margin on the forewing |
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a stiff seata that passes through the frenulum hook on the forewing
*only found in lepidopterans |
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| jugal lobe of the for-wing has a pinching mechanism that grasps the costal lobe of the hind-wing |
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| without wings or winged insects who have secondairly lost their wings |
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alate: have wings for a short time
decalate: purposeful lose of wings |
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| different types of wings on individuals of the same species |
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muscles attach to infolding (membrane)
a segment runs from on intersegmental constriction to another |
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muscles are attached to cuticular folds (rigid)
flexible membrane is under a hard segment (conjunctives); reduces water loss |
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| bilateral appendages that are located on one or more abdominal segments; usually found on apterygota |
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styli, medial caudal filament, elongated epiproct
*they do not need to have all of these |
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on collembola; A1
a tube used for osmoregulation |
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| A4/A5; a fork or spring-tail |
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| A3; used as the catch for the furcula to accomplish the spring action |
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| on aphids; secretes alarm pheromone; is a long black structure that can extend |
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A9; copulatory organ (penis)
claspers: poramers, cerci, subgenital plate |
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| A8 and A9; this is used mostly for laying eggs in the substrate, although some have been modified into a stinging structure |
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| larval abdominal legs; very noticeable in caterpillars |
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| the hooks located on the bottom of the caterpillar prolegs |
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| epiproct and paraproct are modified into these: are abdominal segements |
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| important characters in hexapoda |
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Definition
1) mouthparts
-endo. vs. ectognathous
-mandibulate vs. suctorial
2) metamorphosis
-anamorhic vs. epimorphic
-ametabolous, hemimetabolous, holometabolous
3) wing modifications
4) leg modifications |
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| proturans, dipturans, collembola |
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| maintain equal number of appendages through out life |
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| the study of the kind of diversity of organisms and their inter-relationships |
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| the science and practice of classification |
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| the study of evolutionary relatedness of taxa |
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| and observable feature of a taxa |
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| the different conditions of a character |
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| having more than two states |
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| the possesion of a particular state of a character |
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| continuous quantitative character |
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| the measurement of a continuously varying trait that can be divided into states arbitrarily or by statistical gap coding |
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| refers to the correspondence of an identically derived feature of one segment with the feature on another segment |
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| overall similarity derived principally from morphology |
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| branching diagrams that depict purported relationships or resemblances among taxa |
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| depicts only the branching patter of ancestor-descendant relationships and the branch lengths don't matter |
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| shows the branching pattern and the number of character-state changes represented by the different branch lengths |
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| explicitly representing time through branch lengths |
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| seeks patters of special similarity based only on shared, evolutionary novel features (synapomorphies) |
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| feature unique to a particular group but unknown outside of the group |
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| a developmental stage that is between adult and larval stage; winged; only mayflies have this |
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| development with little change in body form; apterygotes and non-insect hexapods |
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| gradual change in body form with the external wing buds getting larger at each molt |
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| an abrupt change from a wingless larvae to winged adult via a pupal stage |
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| immature stages of hemimetabolous insects |
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| development rom eg to adult |
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| internal supports and muscle attachment of exoskeleton |
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| the unicellular layer of ectodermally derived integument that secretes the cuticle |
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| the external skeletal structure secreted by the epidermis |
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| thicker layer of cuticle; below the epicuticle |
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| the thin layer of cuticle; on top of the procuticle |
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| outer covering of living tissues of an insect |
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| the process of shedding the old cuticle |
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| flexible, unsclerotized inner layer of the procuticle |
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| the rigid, sclerotized outer layer of the procuticle |
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| stiffening of the cuticle by cross-linkage of protein chains |
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| bound as a supporting element in fungal cell walls and arthropoda exoskeleton |
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| a rubber-like protein that occurs where elastic or spring-like movement occurs |
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| soft, strechable cuticle; between segments |
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| dine tubules that run through the cuticle and carry epidermally derived compounds to the wax canals |
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| exocrine glads that may produce cement and/or wax or other products |
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| multicellular with undifferentiated epidermal cells |
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| are multicellular with specialized cells |
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| subcellular with several to many extensions per cell |
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| flattened setae found on butterflies and moths |
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| spines that have become articulated |
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| intersegmental membrane, particularly of the abdomen |
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| the amalgamation of segments into functional units |
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| the head, thorax, and abdomen |
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| closer to the body margin |
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| plats that are the result of scleratization taking place in defined areas |
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| the posterior opening to the cranial capsule |
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| the posterior, horseshoe shaped area of the head |
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| the dorsal part of the posterior cranium |
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| the single medio-anterior sclerite of the insect head |
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| the part of the insect head to which the labrum is attached anteriorly; below the frons |
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| fusion of the frons and the clypeus |
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| paired, segmented sensory appendages lying usually anterodorsally on the head |
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| light-sensitive "simple eyes" |
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| external grooves or lines on the head |
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1) preantennal
2) antennal
3) labral
4) mandibular
5) maxillary
6) labial |
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| are the only visual structures in larval insects |
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| numerous subdivisions in antennal appendages |
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| numerous sensory organs in the form of hairs, pegs, pits; occur on antennae; function to sense diverse tings |
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| openings used for gas-exchange |
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| the upper plate of the prothorax |
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| plate-like appendages that extend inwards below the antecostal sutures |
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| prescutum, scutum, scutellum |
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| line where the wing can be folded |
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| line where the wing can flex during flight |
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areas of the wind delimited by veins
-open: extends to the wing margin
-closed: surrounded by veins |
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| a pigmented spot anteriorly near the apex of the wing |
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| a leathery, hardened fore-wing |
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| the hardened forewings that form a protective sheath for the hind wings |
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| a triangular area at the wing base; contains the articular sclerites |
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| first 7 abdominal segments |
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| rudimentary appendages that are serially homologous with the distal part of the thoracic legs |
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the anal-genetial part of the abdomen
A8/A9 to apex |
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| formed from appendages on A8 and A9 |
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| substitutional ovipositor |
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Definition
| composed of extensible posterior abdominal segments |
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