i.e chewing leaves

sucking out plant juices

boring into roots,stems, leaves of plants

spreading plant pathogens

infections that can be passed from animals to humans.

Sources of zoonoses:

livestock, cats, dogs, chickens and native birds, kangaroos, wild animals, rodents, reptiles, and bats

Brucellosis Lyme disease Malaria Q-Fever Plague Rabies Dengue Eastern Equine Encephalitis St. Louis Encephalitis West Nile Encephalitis Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Lyme disease Malaria Tularemia Thypus West Nile Fever

• Arthopods
• 3 distinct body regions
• joint legs
• antennea
• wings
• Common and Scientific names

Adult insects are known for having 3 major body regions, six legs, one pair of antennea, and usually 2 pair of wings as adults.

locomotive center of the insects.

all 6 legs and wings are attched here.

it is a box like structure composed of three segments

prothorax (closest to the head), mesothorax, and metathorax

each thoratic segment bears a pair of legs

the wings are located on the meso and meta throaxes

Made of serial arrangements of the segments.

tympanum (paired auditory organs) 1st seg

spiracles (openings allow air to pass into tracheal tubes)

gential appendages are located on the posterior end of the abdomen

hard covering that protects a soft interior

limits the potential size of insects

to grow, young insects shed their exoskeleton

Internal Anatomy

no cilia

with hemocel and hemolymph

tube that opens at the mouth and empties at the tail end of the insect

divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut.

foregut-acts as a crop in some insects to carry or hold liquids to be regulated later

nerve cord runs along the ventral or bottom aspect of an insect

Brain is divided into 2 main parts:

the largest lobes control important areas (eyes, antennea, and moutpart)

ganglia occur along  the nerve chord and control body functions

composed of air sacs called tracheae

air enters the tubes through spiracles (openings along side the body)

largest spiracle is located on the throax where the wings and legs require more O2

made of 6 or 7 segments

provides protection for brain, supports the eyes, ocelli (single lens), antenna and mouthparts

upper mid portion of the head

"forehead"

nose bridge

below the frons

• chewing (beetles)
• piercing (true bugs)
• sponging/ lapping (fly)
• siphoning (moths/butterflies)

• Odanata (dragonflies) - chewing
• Isoptera (termites) - chewing
• Hemiptera (true bugs) - piercing/sucking
• Homoptera (cicadas, ahpids) - piercing/sucking
• Neuroptera (antlions, lacewings) - chewing
• Coleoptera (beetles) - chewing
• Lepidoptera (butterfiles & moths) - siphoning/sucking
• Diptera (flies) - piercing/sucking/sponging
• Hymenoptera (wasps, bees) - chewing, chewing-sucking
  

Prognathous (tiger beetles)

Hypognathous (leaf beetle)

Opisthorhynchous (plant bug)

Primary sensory receptors - surface may contain various sensory pits and bristles.

information detected by them are: motion and orientation, odor, sound,  humidity, and variety of chemical cues

Femur

fourth segment, also long. most insects walk with the end of this segment serving as the plantar surface.

frequently furnished with one or two spines on the underside of the distal end

a jointed appendage attached at the apex of the tibia useful in grasping and holding on.

# of seg. varies from 1-5

most insects the outer or last tarsal segment bears a pair od apically placed claws

found on lepidopteras;

 tiny hooks found in rows

out growth of the body wall rather than modified appendages

insects typically have 2 pair borne on the meso and metathroax

modified hindwings in form of club or hair-like process

the arrangement of veins.

Vary from very simple to complex and is an important character in identification of many orders and families.

without wings

Greek: a=without; pterous=wings

hardened throughout the proximal two-thirds, while the distal portion is membraneous.

function as flight wings

the leathery forewings of insects in the orthoptera, blattaria, and mantodea.

also helps protect the delicate hind wings.

larvae that undergo 3 distinct stages:

egg, larva, and adult

no metamorphosis;

 larvea hatch with full body segments and  closely resemble adults, which are wingless and smaller.

Collembola, Diplura, Microcoryphia, Thysanura

incomplete metamorphosis;

larvea are called niads, are aquatic and adults are terrestrial.

Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Plecoptera

the adults and larvae (nymphs) live in the same usually, terrestrial habitat. larvea go through stages of instars.

Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Dermaptera,

Orthoptera, Phithoptera, Hemiptera.

also called holometabulous development pass through 4 distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult. Larvea differ greatly from adults.

Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Siphonaptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera

soft, bag-like

caterpiller

Appendages glued (butterflies)

bullet shaped pupa

no appendages (flies)

pupa within hardened last larval cast skin

Bristletails
ametabolous

chewing mouth

Found in moist soils, some in drier climate; mandibles are primative w/ 1point of articulation with head. Eyes meet @ top of head can jump as far as 12inches w/ tail

"Acient Jaw"

Silverfish and Firebrats

ametabolous

chewing mouth

found in moist locations around homes or understones

run rapidly and hide in cracks

secretive and active @ night

silverfish can be nuisence in homes; damaging book bindings, curtains, wallpaper, etc

"Fringe-tail"

Mayflies

hemimetabolous (incomplete)

chewing, adults dont feed

aqautic niads chewing mouthpart; adults common around watrer

Adults molt once after wings are developed

two paris triangular shape wings, tail like appendage

reduced mouthpart

"short lived" Latin

dragonflies & damselflies

hemimetabolous (incomplete)

chewing mouth

feed on mosquitoes and small flies

hover like a helicopter

called "mosquito hawks" or "snake doctors"

"tooth"

Stoneflies

hemimetabolous

chewing (adults dont feed)

niads live under stones in streams, adults found on stones

"folded wings" Latin

cockroaches

Gradual metamorphosis

chewing mouth

feed on materials high in fats and starches

eggs deposited in capsual called ootheca

some species invade homes and spread disease; unpleasent odor

adapted for running (cursorial) & move quickly

"shuns light"

Termites

Gradual metamorphosis

chewing mouth

feed on wood and digest w/ help of microbes in digestive system.

decompose wood in ecosystem

workers, soliders, and swarmers

"equal wings"

mantids or preying mantids

gradual meta

chewing mouth

elongate and slow moving

front legs modified for grapsing (raptorial)

"soothsayer"

earwigs

gradual

chewing

hide under leaves, boards, or cracks outdoors in day

release bad smell when disturbed

poisonous pinchers found at the end of the abdomen

"skin wings" Latin

grasshopper, cricktets, katydids

gradual

chewing

nymphs resemble adults, some never develop wings

destructive to crops

"straight wings"

walkingstick

gradual

chewing

slow movers found on tree and shrubs

regenerate lost legs

wingless adults

elongate body

"phantom"

barklice, booklice

gradual, chewing

4 wings or none

microscopic

found in old books, dark damp rooms, soil litter, logs and fences

"gnawed wings"

lice

gradual

some chew, some suck (depends on suborder)

wingless parasites live on birds and mammals

small flat and wingless

Mallphaga - chew

Anoplura - sucking

"lice without wings"

true bugs, cicadas, hoppers,pahipds, psyllids, whiteflies, scales

gradual

piercing/sucking

beak arising from front of head

4 wings flat over the body

found on plants and animals or in water

considerable plant damage by feeding habits

"half wings"

thrips

gradual

rasping/sucking (piercing sucking)

wingless or winged

wings are narrow or strap-like deeply fringed

"fringe wings"

alderflies, fishflies, and dobsonflies

complete metamorphosis

chewing

larvae are aquatic

tolerance for polluted water

adults dont feed

2 pair of wing with branching venation

hindwing larger than forewing

consipcuous mandibles in some adult species

"large wing"

lacewing, antlions, owlfiles

complete

chewing

immature are predaceous

2 pair similar size wings w/ netlike venation

fragile insects

larvea mouth modified for piercing/sucking

"nerve/many wing veined"

beetles

complete

chewing

immature are grub-like

feed on living plants, predaceous, bore in wood, scavengers

most important insect

largest insect order (280,000 species)

elytra, straight line down back

"sheath wing"

scorpionflies

gradual metamorphosis

chewing

do not sting and are harmless

found for only 2-3 weeks in summer

on plants or by streams

larvea are like caterpillers

adults feed on dead insects

flat snout 2-3 times longer than their head is wide

"long wings"

fleas

gradual

piercing/sucking

pests of domestic animalsand humans

can cause plague

suck blood only as adults; must have blood meal before they can reproduce

larvea feed on organic matter

flattened from side to side

jumping hind legs

immature worm like

"tube wingless"

flies, midges, gnats, mosquitoes

gradual

chewing (with several modifications)

some are parasitic, predaceous, live or eat on dead plant or animal material

spread diseaes

1 pair of wings

have halteres

mouthpart formed for sucking or piercing/sucking

larvea maggots

"two wing"

caddisfiles

complete

chewing, adults do not feed

adults have reduced nonfunctional mouthparts

found by streams

larvea are scavengers, herbivores, or predators

larvea resmeble caerpillers

soft-bodied insects

"hairy wings"

butterflies, moths, skippers

complete

primitvely chewing, adults usually developed into tube (probiscis) for sucking

most important pests

four well developed wings covered with overlapping scales

immature are worm-like, caterpillers, cutowrms, or hornworms

"scale wing"