Mate Location and success

Location of food

Location of ovipositor sites

Protection

Maintenance of colony structure

Alarm response

interspecific actions (benefit the sender)

grasshopper- foul smelling material

Beetle- It shoots out a very hot gaseous material

interspecific actions (benefit the receiver)

-Skunk Cabbage- It produces this smell to attract fly and it pollinates the skunk cabbage

-Corn- Cornear worm moth- the moth benefits cause it lays egg on corn

Alarm Pheromones

Trail Pheromones

Aggreation Pheromones

Sex Pheromones

Oviposition deterrent Pheromones

(Adhrodisiac Pheromone)

It is the sounds created in insects by their wings. 

(You find it in crickets)

(Lacewings & Relatives)

o   Adults and Immatures have chewing mouth parts

o   Complete metamorphosis

o   Some are very important biological control organisms

o   2 primary lacewings-

§  Brown & green lacewings-

·      Golden eyes

·      Distinctive legs

·      Lacewing larvae are voracious predators

·      Eggs are placed on stalks

·      Many feed on pest insects such as aphids

·      Pupal cases or “cocoons”

§  Antlion Larva-

·      Sometimes called a “doodlebug”

·      Ladybugs!

·      Biological control! –No pesticide type of control

·      Dig pits in sand dunes- really cool! 

(Beetles)

o   Complete metamorphosis

o   Largest order of insects!

o   Immatures of adults have chewing mouthparts

 Hardened forewings called elytra

  A male 10-lined June Beetle

·      Theramore-

o   Chemical produced that attracts opposites

o   Smell females give off

·      Serious pest!!! Vey destructive

·      Staple crops of the world

·      Feeds on tomatoes and etc.

·      Larvae feed on potato foliage

·      Predators especially of aphids

·      Pupal stage

·      Congregate for the winter

·      Mouthparts at end of a “snout”

·      Feeds on seeds

·      Most devastating pest we’ve ever had ruins cotton!!

·      Feed on woolens & stored products, any type of animal product!

·      Every place has them! Rarely notice them

·      Feed on animal poop

·      Representation of Egyptian god “Kithira” – the God of creation

·      Common in Central Washington

·      Some emit a foul-smelling chemical

·      Long antennae

·      Can eat there larvae

·      Larvae feed in logs

·      Some are large, beautiful & collectable

o   One of the most known insects in the world

o   Complete metamorphosis

o   Immatures with chewing mouthparts

o   Feed in nests of animals

o   Adults with piercing and sucking mouthparts, feed on blood

o   Secondarily wingless

o   Serious pests & nuisance

o   Eggs are laid in animal bedding or nests

o   Flea larvae- have chewing mouthparts & feed on debris

o   Pupae can remain inactive for years (up to 10 years)

o   Host specific-

§  Species of parasites, capable of feeding on one host of species

o   Not host specific-

§  More reaction

o   Chigo fleas-

§  Penetrate the skin

§  Live within the body

§  Forms blisters! (Feet)

o   Fleas vector “plague” perhaps the world’s most devastating disease, historically

(True Flies)

o   Complete metamorphosis

o   Immatures (maggots) with “scraping” mouthparts

o   Adults with varying mouthparts- (sponging, piercing & sucking, cutting and sponging)

o   Hindwings modified into halteres

o   Extremely varied in habitats 

·      Have only 2 wings, the second pair is modified and called halteres

·      One of the worlds most pestiferous insects

·      Female med flies deposit eggs just below the skin of fruits and vegetables

·      Penetration of the fruit by the ovipositor is called a “sting”

·      Larvae feed in fruit

·      Larvae “rasp” at fruit with mouth-hooks

·      Larvae leave the fruit and pupate in the soil

·      Med fly does not occur in the continental US

·      Eggs are laid in a “raft” in water or an area that will flood

·      Larvae and pupae are aquatic

·      Larvae are filter feeders

·      Adults emerge from the surface of the water

·      Elephantiasis is mosquito-vectored nematode condition

·      Have chewing & cutting mouthparts

·      Females take blood meals

·      Can cause serious damage to wildlife & domestic animals

·      Cattle grub is a myiasis causing fly

·      Immatures feed on living flesh

·      Are myiasis causing flies

·      Differing bot fly species attack many different animals

·      Very common

·      Infest themselves on animal skin

(Butterflies & Moths)

o   Complete metamorphosis

o   Immatures with chewing mouthparts

§  Feeding habits varied

o   Adults with siphoning mouthparts-

§  Feed on plant nectar

o   Many are serious pests (as larvae)

o   Mouth & butterfly adults have siphoning mouthparts

o   Butterfly & moth wings are covered with scales

·      Caterpillars are voracious feeders

·      Larvae attack the ears of feeding on the kernels and leaving fecal material

·      The most destructive pest of apple in WA

·      The most expensive bug we spend on

·      Costs time & money controlling this insect

·      Leaves holes on apples

o   If 1 in 100 apples have a codling moth, the apples are thrown out and used for applesauce or etc.

·      Some moth larvae are stored product pests

·      Emerges from chrysalis (like a cocoon)

·      Has caterpillars that feed on milkweed plant

·      Black & pink, black & yellow color-

o   These vivid colors are referred to as warning colors

o   Refers to something dangerous

o   Usually poisonous

·      “Disturbed” inchworm

·      Very common in trees

·      No longer found in wild

·      The true silk moth-

o   Caterpillars feed on mulberry

o   Host specific-

§  Can only survive on mulberry

·      Covers its pupil case with silk!

·      Silk is actually formed silk

·      Only insect that is truly domesticated-(survives though human interaction)

·      Totally disappeared from nature

(Bees, Wasps, Ants, Sawflies)

o   Complete metamorphosis

o   Immatures with variations of chewing mouthparts

o   Adult mouthparts can vary (chewing & lapping)

o   Some species are highly social

o   Some are among the most beneficial insects (example: bees)

·      Important native pollinators

·      Social insects inside the colony

·      Ant larvae are totally dependent on adults

·      Pavement ant

·      “Honey ants” serve as storage vessels for the colony called repletes

·      Social insects

·      Predators through most of their lives

·      Places eggs into the larvae of other insects

·      Important biological control organisms

·      Solitary wasps can provision their nest with a caterpillar

o   Extinct, known from fossils only

o   Lived 600-400 mybp

o   Three distinct body segments

o   An inch or 2 to 2.5 feet in length

o   Bottom feeders in marine environments

o   Almost 4,000 species of trilobites are known

§  Some species are “mined”

Subphylum Chelicaerata 

(the Chelicerates)

o   Lack antennae

o   Feeding structures are called chelicerae

o   Second pair of appendages may be modified to aide in feeding

o   Body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen

o   Chelicerae-

§  Five additional pair of appendages

§  Two body segments

§  Cephalothorax and abdomen

Class Arachnida 

(The Arachnids)

o   Most common non-insect group

§  Ca 10,000 NA species

o   Most commonly encountered non-insect anthropods

o   Chew & scrape

o   Scorpion chelicerae

o   Most are tropical & nocturnal

o   Some are 6-7 inches in length

o   Pedipalps- “claws”

§  The sting paralyzes

o   Toxins vary

o   Are generalized predators-

o   All produce a toxin

o   Most are not dangerous to humans

§  Hunting spiders-

·      Track down their prey

§  Concealment spiders-

·      Waits for something/prey to come to it

§  Builds a web & uses web to capture their prey

§  A hunting spider

§  Very common

§  Not very toxic

§  Urticating hairs- spines/hairs from their body

§  Not generally toxic

§  Necrotic damage

§  Several species

§  South western US, & South America

§  Toxin causes skin death

·      Toxins has proteins in it that break down the skin

§  Well known-spider

§  Molt as do all arthropods

§  The second spider with toxins

§  Toxins attack nervous system (flu like symptoms)

(The Havestment or Daddy-longlegs)

o   Predators or scavengers

o   Daddy long legs are not true spiders

§  Toxins but fangs are too small

§  Incapable of biting

§  Feed on:

·      Blood

·      Plants

·      Predators

§  Vary in habitat

§  Vary in feeding habitats

§  Many are phytophagous-

·      Some are serious pests

·      Plant suffers

§  Two-spotted spider mite

§  Human follicle mite

·      Microscopic

·      Almost 90% of people have them

·      Feeding off eyesbrow hairs

§  Some are parasitic-

·      Mange mite!

§  All ticks feed on blood

§  Ticks are plastic blood feeders on:

·      Mammals, birds, reptiles, etc.

§  “Larva” with six legs

§  This genus vectors Lyme Disease

§  Can do serious damage

§  Ixodes Pacificus-

·      Western Blacklegged Tick

§  Primary attractant:

·      Smell! Carbon Dioxide

§  “Flagging”

§  Dog Tick-

·      One of the most common ticks in our area

·      Wide host range

(The Crustaceans)

o   Mostly marine organisms

o   Crabs, shrimp, barnacles, lobsters, crayfish

o   are omnivorous detritovores

o   Live in organic soils- not carbon based

o   Important decomposers

o   Some are “toxic”

o   2 legs per segment

o   One pair of legs per body segment

o   “Hundred-leggers”

The fear of small scary critters

An inborn and learned fear

An irrational fear and belief that one is being infested by insects or other critters

A psychosis

o   Several imported species

o   Common in the southern United States

o   Construct many small colonies throughout an area – connected

o   Hold on by biting and then sting

o   Pests in yards, pastures, parks & etc.

o   Chemicals govern virtually every aspect of the life on an insect

o   Male location and success

o   Location of food

§  Fly to an apple based on smell

o   Location of oviposition sites

o   Protection

§  Odors used to protect themselves

o   Maintenance of colony structure

§  Certain bugs give off chemicals that tell other animals what’s going on in the colony

o   Alarm response

§  This is to tell other bugs to tell others to get away

o   Visual cues impossible or unreliable

o   Effective range flexibility

o   Relatively persistent

§  As long as the vision is there

o   Highly specific or general in nature

o   May be slow in reaching the receiver

o   Cannot be modulated once released

§  Can be modulated over time

§  Once the smell is released… It can’t be taken back

§  Can get around this by releasing it in increments

o   Can be copied to the benefit of other species

§  Other animals learn insects smell and still eat it.

·       Interspecific actions

o   Benefits the sender

·       Osmetaria- as in a caterpillar

·       Grasshopper- foul smelling material

o   Acidic produced to tell them to get away

·       Beetle- It shoots out a very hot gaseous material

·       Interspecific action- benefits the receiver

Trail Pheromone

Aggrigation Pheromone

Sex Pheromone

Alarm Pheromone

Oviposition Deterrent Pheromone