Term
| How do we describe millions of species? |
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Definition
| TAXONOMY; science of identifying and classifying. |
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Term
| Who is Carolus Linneasus? What did he do? |
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Definition
Created the SYSTEMMA NATURA; a standardized way to name ALL of the species on the planet, uses "latin binomial"
*it is a systematic classification system* |
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Term
| what is special about the SYSTEMMA NATURA? |
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Definition
| it is inherently evolutionary; grouped organisms are more closely related to each other than ungroupe organisms. |
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Term
| NAME CLASSIFICATION in order |
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Definition
| KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES 1, SPECIES 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista, Monera |
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Term
| Origins of the Phylum Arthropoda |
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Definition
| The 3 invertebrate Phyla we will discuss ALL evolved fom a primitive protoannelid. |
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Term
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Definition
EARTHWORMS:
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- segmented
- closed circ. system
- gas exchange via skin
- bristles on segments
- NEPHRIDIA filters blood |
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Term
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Definition
Walking worms:
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- segmented
- 1st appendage is antennae
- 14-43 pr. legs.
- trachea
- open cir. system
- chitinous exoskeleton
- ventral N.S. |
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Term
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Definition
(JOINT FOOT)
- bilaterally symmetrical
- segmented to form tagma
- APENDAGES ARE JOINTED
- DORSAL HEART: VENTRAL N.S.
- chitinous exoskeleton
- trachea or gills
- malpighian tubules
- open circ. system |
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Term
| SUB-PHYLA OF THE ARTHROPODA> Sub-phlylum Trilobita |
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Definition
(extinct)
- very abundant 600-800mya
- dominant coastal marine organism
- replaced by crustacea
- flat with many legs |
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Term
| SUB-PHYLA OF THE ARTHROPODA> Sub-phylum Chilicerata |
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Definition
SPIDERS, SCORPIONS, MITES, TICKS, SEASPIDERS, HORSESHOE CRABS
- no Antennae
- 6 pair of appendages
i. chilicerae (one) ...fangs, venom
ii. pedipalps (two)..used to manipulate food.
iii.legs (3-6)
- TWO TAGMA: abdomen, cephalothorax
- Simple eyes
- BOOK LUNGS!!! |
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Term
| SUB-PHYLA OF THE ARTHROPODA> Sub-phylum of the Crustacea |
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Definition
LOBSTER, CRABS, SHRIMPS, BARNACLES, ISOPODS (EX.ROLYPOLY)
- TWO pair antennae
- minimum of 5 pair of legs.
- TWO tagma: abdomen and cephalothorax
- all are AQUATIC.
- GILLS!!!
- Biramous appendages (end split in 2) |
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Term
| SUB-PHYLA OF THE ARTHROPODA> Sub-phylum Uniramia |
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Definition
MILLIPEDES, CENTIPEDES, INSECTS, OTHER MINOR CLASSES
- 1 pair of antennae
- 2-3 pair tagma
- uniramous |
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Term
| SUB-PHYLA OF THE ARTHROPODA> Sub-phylum Uniramia> MAJOR classes of the Uniramia: DIPLOPODA |
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Definition
Millipedes (scavengers)
- elongate cylindrical body
- 2 tagma: HEAD + TRUNK
- 2 pair legs/segment
- reproductive organs behind legs
- reflexive bleeding |
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Term
| SUB-PHYLA OF THE ARTHROPODA> Sub-phylum Uniramia> MAJOR classes of the Uniramia:CHILOPODA |
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Definition
CENTIPEDES (predators)
- elongate flattened body
- 2 tagma: head + trunk
- 1 pair legs/seg
- 1st pair appendages : a jaw-injects poison. |
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Term
| SUB-PHYLA OF THE ARTHROPODA> Sub-phylum Uniramia> MAJOR classes of the Uniramia: INSECTA |
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Definition
(HEXAPODA) INSECTS
- 3 tagma! head, thorax, abdomen
- 1 pair antennae
- 3 pair legs on tagma #2
- 2 pair wings (some 1 visible pair)
- mostly terrestrial
- tremendouse evolution
*Evolutionary trends within the Arthropoda: REDUCTION IN # OF APPENDAGES* |
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Term
| EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS OF INSECTS - WHY ARE INSECTS SO SUCCESSFUL? |
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Definition
- Tough exoskeleton covered with waxy layer ( good benefits of exoskel.)
- Small size (require relatively low resources).
- Large + rapid reproductive rate
- extensive use of metamorphosis
- wide variety of appendages
- evolution of sociality
- many species isolating successful |
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Term
| EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS OF INSECTS - Major steps in evolution of basic insect. |
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Definition
- development of body plan
- development of wings/fly 30mya
- development of wing flexion 315mya
- development of holometabolism 290mya |
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Term
| EVOLUTION- what is evolution? |
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Definition
Simple biological phenomenon/ simply a change in the gene of a population
creation of new species due to accumulated genetic changes and reproductive isolation is a special case of evolution |
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Term
| EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS OF INSECTS - Four major mechanisms of evolution |
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Definition
| MUTATION, NATURAL SELECTION, GENETIC DRIFT, GENE FLOW |
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Term
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Definition
Spontaneous genetic change.
- responsible for the creation of new alleles.
- ultimate surce of all genetic differences between individual + species.
- ex. each human has 1-10 new alleles relative to the parents.
- most mutations are recessive
- largely caused by chemical +ionizing radiation
- most have no or little effect ( ex. mixed eye color in humans) exception = oncogens |
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Term
| what is NATURAL SELECTION? |
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Definition
Evolution ( gene frequency change) brouth about by natural forces.
- predation
- parasitism
- disease
- competition for resources (food,mates, space,etc.)
- concept of survival of the fittest
*fitness= ability to survive + produce most kids*
- natural selection: genetically absed differences in reproductive success.
>directional selection( selects against one phenotype)
>directional (delects against one phenotype) ex: peppered moth. |
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Term
| issue of NATURAL SELECTION VS. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION |
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Definition
- evolution brought about by human-induced phenomenon
- domestic animals
- domestic plants
- pesticide resistence in insects |
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Term
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Definition
Chance events that alter gene frequencies from generation to generation [badluck]
- very important in small populations
- can result in FOUNDER effect
- can result in skewed sex ratios.
- overall Bottleneck effect. |
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Term
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Definition
Killer bees (natural spread of new genes)
- 1950s releaed in brazil
- 1990 arrived in texas
- 1994 " " california
- 1998 first attack |
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