Term
| What is an Epidermal Inclusion Cyst? |
|
Definition
| well defined, non‑tender, soft, mobile, cystic mass commonly found around the ear. |
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Term
| What is an auricular hematoma? |
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Definition
| Painful swelling of the ear commonly seen with boxers and wrestlers that can progress to cauliflower deformity. |
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Term
| Describe perichondritis and relapsing perichondritis. |
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Definition
| Perichondritis is an inflammation of the auricular cartilage that spares the lobe. Relaping perichondritis will have a floppy upper ear. |
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Term
| What is the typical clinical presentation of Otitis Externa? |
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Definition
| Ear pain out of proportion to PE findings, tragal tenderness and purulent/watery discharge. |
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Term
| What causative organism should you think of with OE with green, yellow, cheesy or fluffy discharge? |
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Definition
Green = Psuedomonas.
Yellow = S. aureus.
Cheesy = Candida.
Fluffy = Aspergillus. |
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Term
| What condition is caused by a bacterial infection of the EAC and skull base? |
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Definition
| Malignant Otitis Externa (AKA skull base osteomyelitis). |
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Term
| Most common organism of Malignant External Otitis and AOE? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are exostosis and osteomas? |
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Definition
| They are bony overgrowths of the EAC that are usually not significant findings unless they obstruct the canal. |
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Term
| What is the most common external auditory canal neoplasia? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Congenital narrowing or closure of the EAC with malformation of the pinna and middle ear structures. |
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Term
| What are First Branchial Cleft Anomalies? What must your consider? |
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Definition
| They are congenital preauricular cysts that are commonly seen with renal abnormalities. |
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|
Term
| How is perichondritis treated? |
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Definition
| corticosteroids and ENT referral |
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Term
| Briefly describe Type A-C tympanography results. |
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Definition
A = Normal.
B = Fluid in middle ear or TM perforation.
C = Negative pressure in middle ear. |
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Term
| What is the criteria for a chronic otitis media? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three most common bacterial caues of AOM? |
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Definition
Strep. pneumonia (up to 49%)
Haemophilis influenza (29%)
Moraxella catarrhalis (28%) |
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Term
| When would you refer an AOM patient to ENT? |
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Definition
> 3 AOM episodes in less than 6 months, or
>4 episodes in a 12 month period with resolutions in between |
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Term
| Which condition is most commonly seen with a red bulding TM? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is Bullous Myringitis? |
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Definition
| Extremely painful variant of AOM where blisters begin to form on the outer surface of the tympanic membrane |
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Term
| What is the most frequent serious complication of middle ear infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the study of choice for diagnosing Mastoiditis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What condition is characterized by the presence of squamous epithelium in the middle ear, mastoid or epitympanum and is most commonly due to chronic negative middle ear pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| What condition is characterized by the abnormal remodeling (removal of mature bone by osteoclasts and replaced with woven bone of greater thickness and vascularity) of the inner ear bones? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| reddish blush over the promontory and oval window in active disease of Otosclerosis |
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Term
| What are hemotympanum (blue TM) and Battle's sign indicative of? |
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Definition
Hemotympanum = Trauma to the middle ear causing blood to collect in teh tympanic cavity.
Battle's sign = an indication of fracture of the base of the posterior portion of the skull and may suggest underlying brain trauma. |
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Term
| What is the most common benign tumor of the middle ear? |
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Definition
| Paraganglioma (Glomus Tympanicum) |
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Term
| What are the characteristic signs seen with Glomus Tympanicum? |
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Definition
| Reddish-blue masses behind the TM, Brown sign (cessation of tumor pulsation) and Aquino sign (blanching of the mass with manual compression of the ipsilateral carotid artery). |
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Term
| What is the purpose of PET tubes? |
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Definition
| To vent the ear, not drain it. |
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Term
| Which drug classes are ototoxic? Which are ototoxic towards Cn VIII? |
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Definition
| Salicylates, Aminoglycosides, Loop diuretics and Antineoplastic agents. Streptomycin and Gentamycin are toxic towards Cn VIII. |
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Term
| What drug could you give to treat sudden SNHL? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe BPPV. Is there any hearing loss? |
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Definition
| Short episodes of vertigo, nausea, vomiting and tinnitus brought on by head movements due to debris in the semicircular canals. NO hearing loss. |
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Term
| How is BPPV diagnosed? Treated? |
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Definition
| Diagnosed by Dix-Hallpike Test. Treated with the Epley manuever. |
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Term
| Describe Meniere's Disease. |
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Definition
| Triad of SNHL, tinnitus and vertigo lasting from 30 min-8 hours. |
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Term
| Describe Vestibular Neuronitis. Is there any hearing loss? |
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Definition
| Isolated vertigo lasting 1-2 days that commonly occurs after a URI. It does nothave any associated hearing loss. |
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Term
| Describe Acute Labyrinthitis. |
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Definition
| Severe vertigo and hearing loss that lasts days to weeks and is associated with a recent history of viral URI. |
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Term
| Describe what happens with Vascular Compression of the Vestibular Nerve. |
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Definition
| It is a more permanent form of positional vertigo that has been labeled "disabling positional vertigo". |
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Term
| What is the most worrisome peripheral lesion and is a benign schwannoma of Cn VIII? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the common symptoms seen with an Acoustic Neuroma? |
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Definition
| Unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo. |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of vertigo post head injury? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Describe a Perilymphatic Fistula. |
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Definition
| Leakage of perilymphatic fluid from the round or oval window resulting in vertigo and SNHL. |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of central vertigo? |
|
Definition
| Drugs - (NSAIDS, antibiotics and muscle relaxers) |
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Term
| Describe the common findings with Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency. |
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Definition
| Vertigo with neck motion that has characteristic "drop attacks". |
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Term
| What conditions causes characteristic "drop attacks" seen with olden women getting their hair washed? |
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Definition
| Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| A triad of asthma, polyposis and aspirin insensitivity that presents as rhinitis. |
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Term
| Describe Acute, Chronic and Recurrent Sinusitis. |
|
Definition
Acute = lasts less than 4 weeks.
Chronic = Lasts longer than 4 weeks.
Recurrent = Several acute attacks per year. |
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Term
| What is the gold standard diagnostic test for sinusitis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is a rare but serious opportunistic infection of the sinuses and brain caused by saprophytic fungi? |
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Definition
| Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis |
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|
Term
| Presence of nasal polyps in children should raise suspicion for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common type of cancer found in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the triad seen with Wegner’s Granulomatosis. |
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Definition
| Necrotizing granulomas of upper/lower airways, glomerulonephritis and disseminated vasculitis |
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Term
| What is the most common type of cancer on the tongue? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the most common etiology of Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How will bacterial Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis present as compared to viral? |
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Definition
| Bacterial symptoms will be more severe. |
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Term
| What is the causative organism of exudative pharyngitis? |
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Definition
| Grp A Beta Hemolytic Strep |
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Term
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Definition
| EBV infection that causes white exudates extending into nasopharnyx, cervical LAD and hepatosplenomegaly. |
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Term
| Describe Ludwig's Angina. Is it an emergency? |
|
Definition
Most commonly encountered neck space infection.
Cellulitis of the sublingual & submaxillary space. It is an emergency. |
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Term
| Describe a Retropharyngeal Abscess (RPA). |
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Definition
| An emergency infection due to extension of a peritonsillar abscess or penetrating trauma to the retropharyngeal space. |
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|
Term
| What is Lemierre’s Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Throat infection leads to a secondary infection and clot formation in the internal jugular vein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial infection of the parotid or submandibular glands. |
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|
Term
| MC organism of Sialadenitis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcification forming in Wharton's Ducts more commonly than Stenson's. |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is a congenital bony outgrowth of the midline hard palate into the mouth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A short thickened lingular frenulum. |
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|
Term
| :An acute viral inflammation of the upper & lower respiratory tracts, characterized by “Barking” seal cough, stridor & hoarseness |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What will you find on neck X-ray with Croup? |
|
Definition
| “steeple sign” - subglottic narrowing |
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Term
| Which condition is characterized by Dysphagia, dysphonia, dyspnea, and drooling and will sit erect, flexed at the waist, with the chin forward, mouth open and the tongue protruding from the mouth? |
|
Definition
| Epiglottitis/Supraglottitis |
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|
Term
| How will epiglottitis appear on later neck x-ray? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of hoarseness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of cancer found in the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :Benign “mass” in the SCM of the neck causes the mastoid to be pulled down towards the clavicle and sternum, the chin is turned towards the opposite shoulder and the shoulder on the affected side is raised |
|
Definition
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|
Term
:An acute, contagious,
generalized viral Dz,
usually causing painful
enlargement of salivary
glands, most commonly
the parotids - parotitis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Neck mass that is present at birth, is not midline and does not move with swallowing, massaging may produce a foul taste in the mouth. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cystic mass that is present from birth and is midline and does move with swallowing. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the most common kind of cancer to metastasize to the lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Lateral neck area cancers are most often due to? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which cranial nerve causes Bell's Palsy? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Neurologic disorder when varicella virus affects facial nerve near the inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unilateral neuropathic disorder of the trigeminal nerve (Cn V) that causes stabbing or burning pain to the ear, eye, scalp, lips, nose, forehead, teeth, or jaw on one side of the face. |
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|
Term
| What is the earliest sign of parotitis? |
|
Definition
| Sensitivity to acidic foods or drinks. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of thyroid cancer is the most common and easiest to treat if found early? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| With conductive and SNHL which way will sound lateralize with the Weber Test? |
|
Definition
CHL = sound lateralizes to the bad ear.
SNHL = sound lateralizes to the good ear. |
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|
Term
| Describe the Rinne test results for CHL and SNHL. |
|
Definition
CHL = BC>AC.
SNHL = AC>BC. |
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|
Term
| What decibel levels correspond to mild, moderate, severe and profound hearing loss? |
|
Definition
20-40 = Mild.
40-60 = Moderate.
60-80 = Severe.
>80 = Profound. |
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|
Term
| What does an air-bone gap on audiogram signify? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does a threshold above 25 dB and equal air and bone condition on audiogram signify? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does it signify when air and bone conduction are the same on audiogram but there is a "dip" at a certain frequency that rises back to normal levels afterwards? |
|
Definition
| Noise induced hearing loss at that frequency. |
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|
Term
| Describe the normal result for warm and cold water caloric stimulation of the ear. |
|
Definition
Warm = nystagmus with the fast component going towards the infused ear.
Cold = nystagmus with the fast component going away from the infused ear. |
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|
Term
| What do analog and digital hearing aids convert the sound waves into? |
|
Definition
Analog = electrical signals.
Digital = numerical codes. |
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|
Term
| MCC of hearing loss in children? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is vestibulitis and why is it dangerous? |
|
Definition
| Infection of the nasal vestibule; Retrograde infection via the cavernous sinus into the cranium |
|
|
Term
| What is a highly vascular invasive neoplasm of nasopharnyx that presents as a triad of nasal obstruction, epistaxis and nasal drainage and is common in adolescent males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is erythroplakia more serious than leukoplakia? |
|
Definition
| Up to 90% may become malignant as opposed to up to 6% of leukoplakias may become malignant |
|
|
Term
| What are the causitive agents of trench mouth? |
|
Definition
| Spirocetes and fusiform bacilli |
|
|
Term
| Describe some of the distinguishing differences between peripheral and cental vestibular dysfunction. |
|
Definition
Peripheral = Marked vertigo and tinnitus is common.
Central = Mild vertigo and tinnitus is uncommon. |
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|
Term
| What is vasomotor rhinitis also known as? |
|
Definition
| Chronic non-allergic rhinitis |
|
|
Term
| What drug is effective at treating severe vertigo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Meniere's disease? |
|
Definition
| low salt diet and HCTZ diuretic |
|
|
Term
| What is a typical reason why someone with a sinusitis comes to the office? |
|
Definition
| It is not improving after 10 days or it is worsening after 5-7 days |
|
|
Term
| How do children present with sinusitis? |
|
Definition
| Cough, fever, purulent rhinorrhea and post-nasal drip. They typically do not have headache or facial tenderness. |
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|
Term
| What disease is characterized by rapidly spreading grey exudates in the oropharynx? |
|
Definition
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