Term
| What are four ways we know that the environment causes cancer? |
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Definition
| Occupational groups, migration, twin studies, time trends. |
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Term
| What is an example of a cancer that was demonstrated by occupational groups? |
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Definition
| Scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps. |
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Term
| What is an example of a cancer that was demonstrated by migration studies |
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Definition
Stomach cancer being related to presence of Helicobacter pylori. Or Lymphomas decreasing as people move from Africa to U.S. (due to less sun exposure)
Asians have low rates of prostate and breast cancer but high rates of stomach in their native countries; once they immigrate to the US, these rates closely match the native US rate
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Term
| What is an example of a cancer that was demonstrated by twin studies |
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Definition
| Cervical and uterine cancers have a very low hereditary component, while prostate and colorectal cancers have a high hereditary component. |
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Term
| What is an example of a cancer that was demonstrated by time trends |
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Definition
| Rise in lung cancer rates in males 20-30 years after the rise in tobacco use world-wide. Rate is now declining. |
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Term
| What are the three categories environmental exposures can fall into? |
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Definition
| Lifestyle factors, occupational exposure, home/community |
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Term
| Which categories are intentional, which are unintentional? |
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Definition
| Lifestyle is intentional, others are unintentional |
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Term
| Who published Diseases of Workers, considered to be the birth of occupational medicine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who studied scrotal cancer in chimney sweepers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who had the first study to demonstrate chemical induction of cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who isolated the carinogenic compound benzopyrene in coal tar. |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first chemical shown to cause cancer? |
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Definition
| Benzidine, fount in dies and textiles |
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Term
| What type of cancer does benzidine usually cause |
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Definition
| Bladder cancer due to it being eliminated via urine. |
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Term
| causes angiosarcomas (blood vessel tumors in liver and brain) and lung cancer. Used in plastics industry |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) |
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Term
| What two criteria does the IARC use for selecting the cheimicals for review? |
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Definition
Evidence of human exposure
Some evidence or suspicion of carcinogenicity |
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Term
| What are the five categories chemicals are placed in? |
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Definition
| Group 1, Group 2a, Group 2b, Group 3, Group 4. |
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Term
| Define group 1 and give an example. How many chemicals are in this group? |
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Definition
| Sufficient evidence in humans or sufficient evidence in animals and strong mechanistic data in humans. Asbestos. |
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Term
| Define group 2a and give an example. How many chemicals are in this group? |
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Definition
| probably carcinogenic to humans (79). Limited evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in animals. DDT. |
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Term
| Define group 2b and give an example. How many chemicals are in this group? |
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Definition
| Possibly carcinogenic to humans (290). Limited evidence in humans and less than sufficient evidence in animals. Chloroform. |
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Term
| Define group 3 and give an example. How many chemicals are in this group? |
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Definition
| Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (501). Inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in animals. KNOW THAT THIS ONE HAS THE MOST. Prednisone. |
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Term
| Define group 4 and give an example. How many chemicals are in this group? |
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Definition
| Probably not carcinogenic to humans. (1) Complete Lack of carcinogenicity in humans and animals. (KNOW THAT THIS ONE HAS THE LEAST. Caprolactam. |
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Term
| Agent whose administration to previous untreated animals leads to a statistically significant increased incidence of neoplasia compared with the incidence in appropriate untreated animals. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| new growth, relatively autonomous growth o tissue with abnormal regulation of gene expression, may be benign or malignant. |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary growth of cells from the primary neoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| (latin for swelling)- defined mass of extra cells. (can take 20 or 30 years to develop or months) |
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Term
| Cancer is a __________ ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three key features of cancer? |
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Definition
Cancer begins inside a single cell (change in DNA is heritable and allows cancer to outgrow its neighbors)
Cell starts to grow out of control (
Tumor may change over time and cells will invade and interfere with normal tissue (metastasis) |
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Term
| When cancer metastasizes, does the cancer change to another type of cancer? |
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Definition
| Cancer cells metastasize and form new tumors that exist in other parts of the body that are vital organs. Thus causing death. Breasts are not vital organs, but Breast cancer, (NOT LUNG CANCER) can spread to the lungs (AND REMAINS BREAST CANCER) and cause death. |
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Term
| Oncogene (provide an analogy as well) |
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Definition
| growth promoting gene. If mutated, can signal the cell to divide out of control. (gas pedal stuck on the floor) |
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Term
| Tumor Suppressor Gene (provide an analogy as well) |
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Definition
| tells a cell to stop growing. If mutated the cell loses the ability to stop growing (Not having a functional braking system) |
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Term
| Differentiate between carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. Explain their relationship. |
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Definition
| Carcinogenesis (development of cancer) is linked with mutagenesis (production of a change in DNA sequence) (HOWEVER, NOT ALL MUTATION LEAD TO CANCER, AND VERY FEW CANCERS ARE NOT CAUSED BY A MUTATION (epigenetic change)) |
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Term
| What are the three broad classes of carcinogenic agents? What does each class cause? |
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Definition
Chemicals- typically cause simple, local changes in the DNA sequence
Ionizing Radiation (physical)- typically cause chromosome breaks and rearrangements
Viruses(biological): introduction of foreign DNA into the cell. |
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Term
| What are the two distinctions between chemical carcinogens? |
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Definition
| Direct and Indirect Acting |
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Term
| Give the characteristics and an example of direct acting carcinogens |
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Definition
Direct Acting
-only a few
-highly reactive electrophiles
-react with nitrogen and oxygen atoms in DNA
-Ex. EMS |
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Term
| Give the characteristics and an example of indirect acting carcinogens |
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Definition
-most are this class
-unreactive, water-insoluble compounds
-must be converted to ultimate carcinogens (form that can damage DNA) with electrophilc center through the actions of Phase 1 enzymes (cytochrome P450s) often in the liver.
Ex. PAH |
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Term
| What chemical found in cigarette smoke, burnt meat, and coal tar causes mutations that inactivate the p53 gene. Bioactivation also occurs with this chemical. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ of lung cancers occur via mutations in the P53 gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mutation commonly seen in lung cancer |
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Definition
| CREATES A G-T (TRANSVERSION) |
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Term
| What are three measures to take to avoid environmental cancers? |
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Definition
Reduce exposure to known or suspected carcinogens
Remove/reduce interacting compounds (tobacco use in a mine worker)
Increase exposure to anti-carcinogens. (good diet strong in natural antioxidants like: soy, red wine, chocolate, , dark berries, tumeric |
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Term
| How can the legislation level reduce exposure for workers? |
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Definition
| Manufacturing interventions or personnel requirements for use of protective equipment) |
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Term
| What are the three ways a hazardous substance can cause cancer during its lifecycle. |
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Definition
Manufacture- workers are exposed to high concentrations and large quantities can be released into the environment.
Product Use- exposure of general population.
Disposal- escape of carcinogens to contaminate surrounding landfills and become pervasive in the environment. |
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Term
| Fungal Toxins are likely to be exposed via what |
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Definition
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Term
| Largest source of this chemical is mobile vehicle exhaust. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who provided limited evidence of an increased risk of death from 1,3 butadiene ? |
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Definition
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Term
| DEscribe the classification history of 1,3 butadiene |
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Definition
| Was in Group 2A initially, based on future data though, it was changed to group 1, making it a known human carcinogen. |
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Term
| What are the three main exposure routes for 1,3 butadiene? Which is most common? |
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Definition
| Lung, GI, Skin. Lung is most common |
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Term
| What does 1,3 butadiene do to cause cancer? |
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Definition
| Causes mutations in the K-ras (oncogene) cancer gene causing lung tumors, |
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Term
| What type of a transoformation occurs in the K-Ras gene that leads to a mutation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of carcinogen is 1,3 butadiene? |
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Definition
| Indirect acting, thus it must be bioactivated. |
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Term
| What three interventions can be taken to reduce the risk of exposure to 1,3 butadiene? Which is most effective? |
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Definition
2) Legislative
EPA requires that spills of 1 pound or more be reported. OSHA and NIOSH protect workers.
3) Manufacturing
MOST EFFECTIVE way to reduce exposures.
enclose operations and provide local exhaust ventilation
4) Individual
-Wear respirators
-wear protective clothing |
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Term
| Environmental justice represents the convergence of what two movements? |
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Definition
Civil rights movement
Environmental movement |
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Term
| Birth of environmental justice began from what event? |
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Definition
| 1982, dumped PCB laced oil in roadway of north carolina, later had to be dug up and moved to Warren County area. First time environmental and civil rights groups worked together to bring environmental justice to the forefront. |
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Term
| What was toxic wastes and race? |
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Definition
| first national study that examined demographic patterns associated with the location of hazardous waste sites. |
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Term
| Distinguish between environmental racism, justice, and injustice |
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Definition
Environmental racism-tendency of toxic waste sites and emitters to be located near communities of color.
Environmental Injustice- expanded definition of environmental racism, includes other groups such as lower socioeconomic classes.
Environmental Justice- states that all people and communities are entitled to equal protection of environmental and public health laws and regulations. |
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Term
| What are the 5 components of disproportional impacts? |
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Definition
Proximity to pollution sources
Unique exposure pathways
Sensitive and Susceptible Populations
Multiple and Cumulative effects
Social vulnerability |
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Term
| What do LULU and NIMBY stand for? |
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Definition
LULU (locally undesirable land use)
NIMBY (Not in my back yard) |
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Term
| What is an example of a unique exposure pathway? |
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Definition
| subsistence fishing may require individuals to expose themselves to polluted water in order to provide food. |
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Term
| What are the four intrinsic factors related to susceptibility? |
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Definition
age
sex
Genetics
Race or ethnicity |
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Term
| What are the seven acquired factors related to susceptibility? |
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Definition
Chronic medical conditions
health care access
nutrition
fitness
other pollutant exposures
drug and alcohol use
lack of political power (inability to commiunicate) |
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Term
| What is an example of multiple cumulative effects? |
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Definition
| disavantaged and underserved communities are likely to suffer a wide range of environmental burdens |
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Term
| What does social vulnerability recognize? |
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Definition
| recognizes that social factors such as employment status, access to health insurance, language ability, and access to social capital can play a major role in determining the response to environmental insult. |
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Term
| What impact can social problems have on environmental interventions? |
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Definition
| Social problems may also significantly limit meaningful involvement in the environmental decision making process. |
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Term
| What two perspectives must social vulnerability be looked at with? |
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Definition
Magnitude and severity of exposures. (External factors)
Nature of the receptor population. (People that external factors affect)
- biological and social aspects of vulnerability must be taken into account. |
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Term
| What are the 4 factors that impact vulnerability? |
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Definition
Susceptibility
Exposure
Preparedness
Ability to respond and recover |
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Term
| What was Executive Order 12898? What impacts have been seen? |
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Definition
demands that all government agencies make environmental justice part of its mandates. Qualified by “To the greatest extent practicable”
Been viewed as a directive to identify minority and low-income populations defined as protected groups.
Very little has been done as a result of this act, created offices within federal department for environmental justice but often this office only includes one person. |
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Term
| What are three components of the multi-faceted nature of problem solving in environmental justice? |
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Definition
Both affected communities and public health practitioners must engage in a dialogue about what is needed to apply collaborative problem solving to the task of achieving environmental justice and healthy communities.
Communities and practitioners must work together to create community benefit agreements, build the strategic thinking, planning, and problem solving capacity of communities, and engage in community based participatory research.
Social capital helps determine social determinants of health, factors in the social environment that influence health, such as income distribution, discrimination, access to education, and housing policies. |
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Term
| Know table on 1st, 2nd, and 3rd world countries!!!!! |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| occur when developing nations move from one stage to the next. |
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Definition
| Risk transitions and risk overlap |
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Term
| Which transition is most severe? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the four drivers of environmental health disparities? |
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Definition
Vulnerability and coping capacity
Globalization
Agriculture and food security.
Urbanization |
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Term
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Definition
| factors that motivate, stimulate, or push the environmental processes that affect human health. They contribute directly and indirectly to health disparities among the three worlds. |
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Term
| What are the two main elements of vulnerability? |
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Definition
Exposure to environmental hazards (stressors, shocks, contingencies)
Coping capacity (resilience)- offers security in the face of exposure. |
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Term
| Describe the spectrum that vulnerability occurs on. |
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Definition
| high risk and low coping capacity for the third world) (high risk and high coping capacity for the USA) (low risk and high coping capacity is ideal) |
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Term
| created as a result of high risk and low coping capacity. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Process of interlocking, economic, social, technological, political, and cultural changes emerging around the world. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are six things that impact undernutrition? |
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Definition
traditional beliefs that limit food choice
Reduced capacity for local food production
Declining investments in agriculture and irrigation.
Lack of education on advanced technologies.
Destruction of local ecosystems
Lack of adequate food storage and distribution systems. |
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Term
| Differentiate between urbanicity and urbanization. Which is more important for predicting health? |
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Definition
urbanicity-the extent of urban population concentration, and urbanization- the process over time of urban growth.
Urbanization is a more important predictor of health in urban populations than size, because with rapid urbanization, growth outstrips available resources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| high rate of urban growth with increased demand for basic housing and services caused rapid expansion of illegal or unplanned and unserviced settlements with unhealthy living conditions and extreme overcrowding. |
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Term
| What 7 things influence urban health in developing nations? |
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Definition
1) Outdoor (Ambient) Air Pollution
2) Indoor Air Pollution
3) Water
4) Infectious diseases
5) Waste Disposal
6) Disaster Vulnerability
7) Social and Behavioral Factors |
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Term
| What disparities exist across the three worlds? |
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Definition
Air quality
Water and sanitation
Injuries |
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|
Term
| What social and behavioral factors has urbanization impacted? |
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Definition
| resulted in lower quality diets, increased sexual activity, insufficient access to adequate health, and few legal rights. |
|
|
Term
| what is benzidine? What cancer does it cause? |
|
Definition
| used in textiles, causes bladder cancers. |
|
|
Term
| what is benzopyrene? What cancer does it cause? |
|
Definition
| found in coal tar, causes lung cancers. |
|
|
Term
| what is 1,3 butadiene? What cancer does it cause? |
|
Definition
| comes from mobile vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, petroleum refineries. Leukemia's and lymphomas |
|
|
Term
| what is Vinyl chloride? What cancer does it cause? |
|
Definition
| found in plastics industries, lung cancers. |
|
|
Term
| How many types of cancer are known? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme bioactivates 1,3 butadiene? Which ones detox it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the national law journal determine in 1994 about enforcement of environmental laws. |
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Definition
– only race mattered; independent of wealthy or poor
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|
Term
| What gene does benzopyrene impact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reasoned or systematic approach to figuring out what is the right or wrong action or position |
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|
Term
| What are the three modern principles of ethics that are primary to environmental health? |
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Definition
Scientific Integrity
Justice
Welfare |
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|
Term
| What 4 ethical themes arise out of the question asking how important it is for us to incorporate the health of the environment into our work? |
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Definition
Our view of the future
Our concern for future generations
Ethical standing of nonhuman nature and animals
How holistic we ought to be. |
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Term
| Double jeopardy example in environmental health |
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Definition
| Environmental hazard exposures and socioeconomic stressors |
|
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Term
| Provides a promising approach for incorporating cumulative impacts into assessments to guide decision making |
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Definition
| HIA (Health Impacts Assessment) |
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|
Term
| Three pathways for unequal societies to be more likely to pollute the environment. |
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Definition
1) Asymmetry in power between wealthy and poor
2) Poor wanting to emulate the privileged by consuming more.
3) Inequality eroding social cohesion and trust, |
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