Term
|
Definition
| We all have a 'face'. Face is the presentation of the self in everyday life, it is valued by everyone and we always try to protect our face as best we can, whenever possible. |
|
|
Term
| Lakoff's Politeness Principle |
|
Definition
Lakoff composed the principle of politeness which is made up of 3 rules, these are:
Do not impose - don't make the other participant in the conversation feel uncomfortable and don't demand anything
Give options - don't ask questions implying a predetermined answer - only ask open questions with possible answers
Make your receiver feel good - be polite and friendly, and give compliments or praise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Men think that women talk more than men because they hear women talking in situations that they would not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suggests husbands don't talk when they return home from work because they are tired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People may converge or diverge depending on the members of gender that are around, e.g. a female may change her speech to appear more 'ladish' if she is the only female in a group of males |
|
|
Term
| Grice's Maxims - Cooperative Principle |
|
Definition
Males: low quantity, high quality, high relevance, casual manner
Females: high quantity, low quality, low relevance, casual manner |
|
|
Term
| Brown and Levinson - Politeness Principle |
|
Definition
Females: Off-record, Negative Politeness
Males: Bald on-record, Positive Politeness |
|
|
Term
| Zimmerman and West's Dominance approach |
|
Definition
- In mixed sex conversations, men interrupt more than women
- In same sex conversations interuptions between members are equal
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Women initiate topics of conversation more frequently than men, but men actually talk more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Women: aim for high prestige, and claim to have a higher prestige accent than they use
Men: aim for low prestige, and claim to have a lower prestige accent than they use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Male and female language differs from an early age...
Males: H-dropping, G-dropping, double negatives, wrong tense
Females: Correct pronunciation and language use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-
Hedges
-
Super polite forms
-
Tag questions
-
Emphatic talk
-
Empty adjectives
-
Hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation
-
Lack of a sense of humour
-
Direct quotations
-
Specialised terminology
-
Interrogative intonation in declarative statements
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tag questions can maintain discussion or be polite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lakoff's features occur on women but also on men of lower classes -> "powerless language" |
|
|
Term
| Tannen's Difference Model |
|
Definition
Males vs Females
Report vs Rapport
Independance vs Intimacy
Competition vs Cooperative
Information vs Feelings
Status vs Support
Advice vs Understanding
Orders vs Proposals
Conflict vs Compromise
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is no difference in the type of language used by males or females - UK call operators both male and female are trained to use emotional labour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In same sex conversations:
Males - speak in large groups, a hierarchical joint activity
Females - speak in small groups, relationships are based upon talk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Women gossip/chat/bitch way more than men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Men are less likely to pay attention to FACE - men use insults to express solidarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female same sex talk is more collaborative, men are less complimentary and supportive of one another |
|
|
