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| A narrative in which the characters, behavior, and even the setting demonstrate multiple levels of meaning and significance. Oftentimes, it is a universal symbol or personified abstraction, such as Cupid portrayed as a chubby angel with a bow and arrow. |
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| The sequential repetition of a similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually in closely proximate stressed syllables. |
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| A literary, historical, religious, or mythological reference. For example, a narrator might contrast the life of Frederick Douglass to the trials of Job. |
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| The regular repetition of the same words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases of clauses. Example: "To raise a happy, healthful, and hopeful child, it takes a family; it takes teachers; it takes clergy; it takes businesspeople; it takes community leaders; it takes those who protect our health and safety; it takes all of us." |
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| The juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, grammatical structure, or ideas. "To err is human, to forgive divine." Alexander Pope |
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| A concise statement designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly held belief. "Spare the rod and spoil the child" is an aphorism. |
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| An address or invocation to something inanimate. |
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| Appeals to authority, emotion, or logic |
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| Rhetorical arguments in which the speaker claims to be an authority or expert in a field (ethos), attempts to play upon the emotions (pathos), or appeals to the use of reason (logos). |
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| The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually in successive or proximate words. "Rubber baby buggy bumpers." |
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| A syntactical structure in which conjunctions are omitted in a series, usually producing more rapid prose. "Vindi, vidi, vici." Caesar |
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| The sense expressed by the tone of voice or the mood of a piece of writing; the author's feelings toward his or her subject, characters, events, or theme. It can even be the author's feelings for the reader. |
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