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English Grammar flashcards
Definitions
47
English
Undergraduate 3
11/17/2010

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Term
Active verb
Definition
--(see Active Voice.)
Term
Active Voice
Definition
The form of the verb used when the actor or agent is the subject and the goal or recipient is the direct object. (Our Team won the Game). A verb phrase in the active voice does not contain BE + [-en] the past participle form of the verb. (see passive voice).
Term
Actor
Definition
The logical subject of a verb; the person or other animate being that preforms the action of the verb. (Andy sings). (see agent.)
Term
Adjectival
Definition
A word or phrase that functions as an adjective would in a predicate adjective or noun-modifying role (stone wall). (see Adjetive phrase)
Term
Adjectival clause
Definition
Usually a relative clause (The book that I read), but sometimes a subordinate clause (the week after you left).
Term
Adjectival complement
Definition
A sentence-level adjectival word or phrase serving either as the subject complement of a linking verb (that watermelon is huge) or as an object complement following a transitive verb. (Tommy Left the door open).
Term
Adjective
Definition
A form class word; usually modifies a noun; can be compared (with -er or more) and can follow very (taller, very tall).
Term
Adjective Complement
Definition
A phrase that completes the meaning of an adjective (grumby was afraid to answer the phone)
Term
Adjective Phrase
Definition
As a sentence constituent, an Adjective (feels lonely) or any group of words that can substitute for an adjective (feels like a motherless child).
Term
Adverb
Definition
A form class word; frequently can move in it's sentence; usually modifies verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or the whole sentence (Time Passed quickly).
Term
Adverb Phrase
Definition
As a sentence constituent, an adverb (moves slowly) or any group of words that can substitue for an adverb (moves like a snail).
Term
Adverbial
Definition
A word or phrase that functions as an adverb would, modifying verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or the whole sentence (sharp as a tack; ran without stopping for breath)
Term
Adverbial Clause
Definition
Usually a clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction (he arrived after you left)
Term
Adverbial Complement
Definition
An Adverbial word or phrase that completes the meaning of an intransitive verb (Elinor went outside)
Term
Adverbial Modifier
Definition
Words that add information about how, when , were, why or how much something happens (the tour group left the chapel noisily).
Term
Affix
Definition
A morpheme added to the beginning (prefix) or ending (suffix) of a word (see prefix, suffix)
Term
African-American Venacular English (AAVE)
Definition
Any of the nonstandard varieties of English spoken chiefly by African Americans and known colloquially as Black english, Black English Venacular or Ebonics. The latter is a blend of ebony + phonics the science of spoken sounds.
Term
Agent
Definition
The initiator of an action named in a verb. The agent's relationship with the verb remains constant whether the sentence is active (Talia threw the Ball) or passive (the ball was thrown by Talia).
Term
Agreement
Definition
Correspondence of number, person, gender, or case between words.
Term
Allphone
Definition
A variant of a single phoneme (e.g) the l in light and milk are pronounced at different positions in the mouth but are heard as the same phoneme /l/
Term
Allmorph
Definition
A variant of a single morpheme e.g. the past parciple morpheme occurs in a variety of forms including have eaten and have walked.
Term
Amelioration
Definition
The process by which a word loses its negative connotations and acquires positive ones. In Old English Pretty meant sly or cunning. In middle english nice meant foolish, stupid, wanton.
Term
American English
Definition
The features of prononciation, vocabulary, and grammar shared by American speakers of English. (see stantard American English).
Term
Antecedent
Definition
The noun or noun phrase that a pronoun refers to or stands for. My old hat is the tntecedent of it in: There's my old hat; I thought it was lost.
Term
Appositive
Definition
A noun or noun phrase that immediately follows and renames another noun or noun phrase (Mary smith, a student at USC, spent the summer studying in Dijon).
Term
Aspect
Definition
The verbal category that is expressed in English by the progressive tense to indicate the duration (he is/was walking) and by the perfect tense to indigate the completion (he has/had walked) of an action.
Term
Attributive Adjective
Definition
An Adjective that precedes and modifies a noun (the small boy) (see predicate adjective)
Term
Auxilliary Verb
Definition
structure class word used with a main verb to indicate tense, aspect, and mood (have eaten, is eating, might eat) and to form negatives (didn't eat) or questions (did you eat?)
Term
Base
Definition
The morpheme that contains the basic meaning of a word (also called a root or stem). A derivational affix can be attached to the base to create new words (rebuild, government); and inflectional morpheme can be attached to supply grammatical information (rebuilding, governments).
Term
BE auxillary
Definition
The verb be used with the present participle to express the progressive aspect of a verb (Gina is sleeping in class again) or with the past participle to create the passive voice (Grumby was awakened by the explosion).
Term
Beneficiary
Definition
The person who benefits from the action of a verb (see recipient).
Term
Binary
Definition
A feature of structural grammatical analysis that divides sentences and constituents into two parts (S = NP + VP or NP = DET. + N, et cetera).
Term
Black English Venacular
Definition
See African American Venacular English
Term
Bound Morpheme
Definition
A Morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word (-ing)
Term
Branch
Definition
A descending line in a phrase structure tree; the offshoot of a node.
Term
Cardinal numbers
Definition
The numbers used for counting (one, two, three).
Term
Case
Definition
The grammatical relationship of nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence; sometimes signaled by inflections (e.g the possesive forms of nouns and pronouns; the subject and object case forms of pronouns).
Term
Casual Speech
Definition
The informal use of language as among friends (see styles).
Term
Clause
Definition
A sequence of words containing a subject and a predicate; may be dependent or independent).
Term
Comma Splice
Definition
The improper use of a comma to join two independent clauses; aslo called a comma fault.
Term
Comment
Definition
That part of the sentence that provides information about the topic or subject of the sentence. The predicate of a sentence. (see topic).
Term
Common Noun
Definition
A noun that names nonunique persons, places, or things (tree, cat, car).
Term
Communicative Competence
Definition
The ability to use a language appropriately in a variety of social and cultural circumstances.
Term
Compartative
Definition
Degree expressed for adjectives and adverbs by using more or [-er] (more beautiful; happier)
Term
Complement
Definition
A word or phrase that completes the predicate, such as direct and indirect objects, subject complements, object complements (Bill grew impatient; Bill Grew roses).
Term
Complementizer that
Definition
a That used to introduce a nominal clause (I know that you didn't believe his story)
Term
Compound Sentence
Definition
A sentence containing two or more independent clauses (He insulted me [independent clause] and then he left the room [independent clause])
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