Term
| What Pope first sent armed troops to the Holy Land to recover it from Muslim domination? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What year did Urban II send troops to the Holy Land? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He was the Ruler of the Eastern Empire and asked Urban II to send help. |
|
|
Term
| What did Alexius want the Roman Pope to do? |
|
Definition
| He wanted him to send some Knights to repel the Muslim invaders. |
|
|
Term
| What did Urban II actually do instead? |
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Definition
| He made a general appeal and a bunch of people responded to go on the Crusade (not just Knights, but farmers, and shopkeepers, etc.). |
|
|
Term
What was Urban II’s central concern in the famous sermon he preached at Clermont? |
|
Definition
Recovery and restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. |
|
|
Term
What did Urban II promise to every crusader who went to the Holy Land on Crusade? |
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Definition
| He promised an indulgence granting them immediate access to heaven or at very least reduced time in purgatory. |
|
|
Term
When Urban appealed to the people of Europe to go to the holy Land he was asking them go on a pilgrimage…a military pilgrimage. What is a pilgrimage? |
|
Definition
| A pilgrimage is a journey with a spiritual focus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is like a spiritual reward for some physical act. |
|
|
Term
Was the first Crusade successful? |
|
Definition
Yes, if you mean, “Did it regain the Holy Land?” No, if you focus on the overall damage it did. |
|
|
Term
What year did the Crusaders capture Jerusalem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What did the Crusaders do in Jerusalem that so angers modern day Muslims? |
|
Definition
They killed all the inhabitants of of Jerusalem, turned the Dome of the Rock into a Church, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque, into a stable. |
|
|
Term
How long was Jerusalem in the hands of the Crusaders? |
|
Definition
| Until 1187, about 90 years |
|
|
Term
How many Crusades were there altogether? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was the most tragic of all the Crusades? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is an ancient object that has some spiritual value attached to it. Usually, it was something physical like a nail from the crucifixion or a bone or skull from some ancient saint. |
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Term
Since people had to pay to view relics to receive an indulgence, it led to lots of corruption. What was the popular conception of medieval Christians regarding the connection? |
|
Definition
The popular misconception was that a person could buy salvation or reduced time in purgatory. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
It is a place, in Catholic theology, where Christians must be purged of the temporal penalty of their sin before they can go to highest heaven. |
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|
Term
Is the idea of purgatory biblical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the biblical view of what happens to Christian when they die? |
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Definition
The biblical view is that when a Christian is absent from the body (that is, when they die) they are immediately ushered into the presence of God. |
|
|
Term
Why was Bernard of Clairvaux so concerned about monastic reform? |
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Definition
He was concerned about monastic reform because so many monasteries had become rich, fat, and happy. They had lost their love of service and of poverty, and they had lost their love of the Bible. |
|
|
Term
What specific ability set Bernard apart? |
|
Definition
His ability to preach and teach the Bible |
|
|
Term
Was Bernard able to read Greek or Hebrew? |
|
Definition
No, he only read Latin but he had huge sections of the Bible and the Church Fathers memorized. |
|
|
Term
Bernard’s influence was enduring. In particular, one reformation character was deeply affected by Bernard’s writing. Who was it? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Who wrote Why the God Man? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was Anselm’s chief concern in Why the God Man? |
|
Definition
To argue for the satisfaction view of the atonement |
|
|
Term
What position did Anselm hold in the church? |
|
Definition
Archbishop of Canterbury (England) |
|
|
Term
What are the three major views of the atonement just prior to the Reformation? |
|
Definition
Ransom to Satan View
Moral Influence View
Satisfaction View |
|
|
Term
What does the Ransom to Satan View teach? |
|
Definition
It teaches that Jesus died to ransom sinners from Satan |
|
|
Term
What does the Moral Influence View teach? |
|
Definition
| It teaches that Jesus death was to be a deterrent to sin by showing how serious God is about sin. In other words, it is an example to sinners. |
|
|
Term
What does the Satisfaction View teach? |
|
Definition
It teaches that Christ’s death satisfied God’s justice by actually paying the penalty of God’s justice.
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|
|
Term
Why is the moral influence view sometimes called the deterrent view? |
|
Definition
It is called that because as Christians think about the crucifixion they are supposed to see the seriousness of sin and be encouraged to stop sinning. |
|
|
Term
Would it be a bad thing for a Christian to stop sinning (reduce sinning) as a result of considering the resurrection? |
|
Definition
There is nothing wrong with sinning less…that’s a good thing. The problem comes when a person think they are going to get to heaven by being good…that’s called works righteousness.
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|
|
Term
Which of the three views of the atonement eventually became the most widely accepted view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What view of the atonement did Abelard hold? |
|
Definition
He held the moral influence view. |
|
|
Term
What is the Great Schism? |
|
Definition
The Great Schism is the divide or division (schism means division or break) in the Catholic Church that occurred just prior to the Reformation. It concerned where the papacy was to reside…France or Italy. |
|
|
Term
When did the Great Schism occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the Babylonian Captivity of the Church? |
|
Definition
Basically, it is the same thing as the Great Schism but from the perspective of those that wanted the papacy to stay in Italy. They argued that the French pontiffs carried off the church in Captivity to Avignon. |
|
|
Term
How did the Great Schism start? |
|
Definition
It started when the King of France, Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII got into a argument. Philip eventually took and army to Rome and unseated Boniface who was replaced by a Pope who happened to be a Frenchman. |
|
|
Term
Why did the appointment of a French Pope lead to the Great Schism? |
|
Definition
The Great Schism sprang from the fact that the new Pope, Clement V, did not like Rome and moved his summer palace to France. |
|
|
Term
Where was the French papacy located…what city? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How did the papacy come to stay in France? |
|
Definition
The new French Popes appointed French Cardinals who in turn appointed other French Popes who did not return to Italy but stayed in France. |
|
|
Term
What incident sparked the appointment of two Popes during the same period of time? |
|
Definition
Italy invented one of the later French Popes to visit Rome. While there, the Pope died, and the Italians forced the French Cardinals to appoint an Italian Pope. Once the Cardinals left Rome, however, they appointed a French Pope instead…then there two Popes in power…one in Avignon and one in Rome. |
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|
Term
How was the Great Schism eventually settled? |
|
Definition
At the Council of Constance, the Church deposed three popes and appointed a concilliar (a person to make peace) Pope. |
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|
Term
What else happened at the Council of Constance? |
|
Definition
The Church passed sentence on the Czech Reformer John Huss and burned him at the stake. His chief crime was that he preached against indulgences and preached in Czech rather than in Latin. |
|
|
Term
| What conclusion do historians draw about the Great Schism and John Wycliffe's life? |
|
Definition
| Most scholars agree that is the Great Schism had not been going on during Wycliffe's life, he would have definitely been burned at the stake. |
|
|
Term
| In what century did John Wycliffe live and do his Bible translation? |
|
Definition
| Late 14th Century...late 1300's. |
|
|
Term
| On what text did John Wycliffe case his translation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was originally responsible for producing the Vulgate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Jerome produce the Vulgate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It took Wycliffe a long time to finish his university work. Why? |
|
Definition
| Continual outbreaks of the plague. |
|
|
Term
| Something dreadful happened to almost all of Europe in 1348. The dreadful thing that happened killed almost half of the people in Europe. What was it that happened? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what University did Wycliffe go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wycliffe served as a rector the last ten years of his life. What's a rector? Where did he serve? |
|
Definition
| It's a pastor; Lutterworth |
|
|
Term
| Wycliffe's followers were known as...? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why were they known as Lollards? |
|
Definition
| They often preached and sand psalms to their listeners. They did in English. The word "Lollard" probably means something like "singer." Some people think the word comes from the same root word that lullaby comes from. |
|
|
Term
| How were the Lollards treated? |
|
Definition
The common people loved them.
The authorities both church and state hated them. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Wycliffe's principal defender? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sad about John of Gaunt's children? |
|
Definition
| They grew up to be future kings of England and they almost all persecuted the Lollards. |
|
|
Term
| How many Lollards were burned at the stake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He was a Catholic Priest preaching in the city of Prague in the Czech Republic. |
|
|
Term
| What does the word "Huss" mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the name of the church Where John Huss ministered in Prague? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was Huss imprisoned at killed? |
|
Definition
| He was imprisoned and killed because he preached in the vernacular and because he opposed indulgences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Like other "heretics" he was burned at the stake. |
|
|
Term
| What famous quote is attributed to Huss at his execution? |
|
Definition
| Today, you burn a lean goose but a hundred years from now there will be a swan you won't be able to kill or silence. |
|
|
Term
| Who is the "swan" in Huss's prophecy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should anyone think Luther was the swan Huss referred to? |
|
Definition
| He came along a hundred years after Huss (as Huss prophesied) and his family crest was a swan. |
|
|
Term
| In what century does Wycliffe occur? |
|
Definition
| He's late 1300's or late fourteenth century. |
|
|
Term
| In what century does Huss occur? |
|
Definition
| Huss was early 1400's or early fifteenth century. |
|
|
Term
| In what century does Tyndale appear? |
|
Definition
| Tyndale occurs in the early 's or early sixteenth century. |
|
|
Term
| What is Tyndale famous for? |
|
Definition
| He is famous for the first printed translation of the Bible in English. |
|
|
Term
| Who was King of England during Tyndale's work and ministry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the initial reason Henry VIII wanted to separate from the Roman Catholic Church? |
|
Definition
| He wanted a male heir, and the Pope refused to let him divorce his first wife to marry someone else that might give him that male heir. |
|
|
Term
| On what text did Tyndale base his translation? |
|
Definition
| He based it on older Greek NT manuscripts and Hebrew OT manuscripts. |
|
|
Term
| What two things made Tyndale's translation different from Wycliffe's? |
|
Definition
| It was based on a better manuscript, and it was printed not copied by hand. |
|
|
Term
| Where did Tyndale attend school? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What famous quote is attributed to Tyndale during an argument with a priest? |
|
Definition
| If God spares my life, ere many years pass, I will cause a boy that driveth the plow shall know more of Scripture than thou dost. |
|
|
Term
| From whom did Tyndale seek permission to translate the Bible into English? |
|
Definition
| The Bishop of London, Bishop Tunstall |
|
|
Term
| What did Tyndale decide to do when Tunstall refused to give him permission to translate the Bible into English? |
|
Definition
| He moved to Europe and began to translate the Bible into English. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the man that betrayed Tyndale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was Tyndale imprisoned? |
|
Definition
| Vilvoorde Castle near Brussels |
|
|
Term
| What was Tyndale's eventual fate? |
|
Definition
| He was strangled and burned at the stake alive. |
|
|
Term
| List two or three words, Tyndale coined (invented). |
|
Definition
| Passover, atonement, beautiful |
|
|
Term
| Who was the man that finished up Tyndale's translation of the Bible after Tyndale's death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Bible called that Calvin's followers added notes and study helps to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ostraca is usually a piece of pottery of flat stone or clay on which words were written. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a crude paper made of pressed strips of reeds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parchment is a heavy-duty writing material made of leather that had been cleaned of its hair and sanded smooth. |
|
|
Term
| What nationality was Martin Luther? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What traumatic event caused Luther to become a monk? |
|
Definition
| He got caught in a terrible thunder storm and vowed to become a monk if delivered. |
|
|
Term
| What was his father's response to Luther becoming a monk? |
|
Definition
| He was furious. He thought it a terrible waste. |
|
|
Term
| To what religious order of monks did Martin Luther belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How old was Luther when he nailed the 95 Theses to the church door at Wittenburg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Luther's major concern covered in the 95 Theses? |
|
Definition
| His major concern was the abuse of indulgences. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the Dominican monk who became so notorious selling indulgences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the date Luther posted the 95 Theses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the name of the town where Luther lived and worked as a teacher of theology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Luther's boss at Wittenberg was named von Staupitz. What did von Staupitz force Luther to do against his will? |
|
Definition
| He forced him to teach Bible. |
|
|
Term
| What was the book of the New Testament that changed Luther's theology as he taught through it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did Luther not go to Rome when summoned by the Pope? |
|
Definition
| His Prince, Prince Frederick the Wise, refused to let him go, insisting that he be tried in Germany. |
|
|
Term
| When Leo X, the Pope at the time, excommunicated Luther in a Papal Bull (an official papal document) Luther made things even worse. How? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Finally, Luther was called to the Diet of Worms under the Holy Roman Emperor. There he gave his most famous speech. What was it most famous line? |
|
Definition
| "Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen. |
|
|
Term
| After the Diet of Worms, Luther was kidnapped. By whom? |
|
Definition
| He was kidnapped by Frederick the Wise in an attempt to keep him alive. |
|
|
Term
| Where did Frederick hide him? What did Luther do there? How long was he there? |
|
Definition
| The Castle Wartburg. He translated the Bible into German. He was there two years. |
|
|
Term
| Luther got married in 1525. What was his wife's name? Where did she come from? |
|
Definition
| Katy von Bora. She was an ex-nun. |
|
|
Term
| What criticisms of Luther were later picked up and used by Hitler? What should the Christian response to Luther's words be? |
|
Definition
| His criticisms of the Jews. It should fill us with regret and make us mindful of the power of words. |
|
|
Term
| Luther died when he was 63. Where was he buried? |
|
Definition
| He ws a buried at the foot of the pulpit in his church at Wittenberg. |
|
|
Term
| What area of doctrine was impacted by Luther's study of Romans? |
|
Definition
| It was the doctrine of justification. |
|
|
Term
| What is justification (Question 33) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does "imputed" mean? |
|
Definition
| He means to "reckon something to someone" or to "put on someone's account" |
|
|
Term
| What nationality was John Calvin? |
|
Definition
| He was French although most of his ministry was conducted in Geneva Switzerland. |
|
|
Term
| How old was Calvin when he wrote his first book? What was the book? |
|
Definition
| He was 22. He wrote a commentary on the Roman philosopher Seneca. |
|
|
Term
| What was the name of Calvin first Christian book? |
|
Definition
| The Institutes of the Christian Religion |
|
|
Term
| What does the term "institutes" mean in Calvin's title? |
|
Definition
| It means something like the "basics." So the Institutes of the Christian Religion means something like "The Basics of Christianity." |
|
|
Term
| How old was Calvin when he wrote the Instittues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did Calvin write the Institutes? |
|
Definition
| He wrote to defend the Reformation and its theology. He did that because so many of his friends were being killed and persecuted for the gospel. |
|
|
Term
| To whom is the forward of the Institutes written? |
|
Definition
| It is addressed to the King of France. |
|
|
Term
| Why did Calvin have to flee Paris for his life? |
|
Definition
| He had helped a friend, Nicolas Cop, write his inagural address as the Rector of the University of Paris. It was evangelical in tone and the Catholics decided to kill them both. |
|
|
Term
| Why did Calvin detour to pass through Geneva on his way to Strassbourg? |
|
Definition
| A war was blocking the road to Strassbourg. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the Reformer in Geneva that pressured Calvin to stay and help with the work there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was it that got Calvin and Farel in trouble at Geneva? |
|
Definition
| They tried to initiate a measure of church discipline. |
|
|
Term
| When Calvin and Farel were fired at Geneva, where did Calvin go? |
|
Definition
| He went on to Strassbourg where he became a pastor to the French refugees there. |
|
|
Term
| What else happened to Calvin at Strassbourg? |
|
Definition
| He got married to Idelette de Bure. |
|
|
Term
| How long were Calvin and Idelette married? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happened to Idelette's first husband? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many children did Calvin and his wife have? |
|
Definition
| One. His name was Jacque and he was born prematurely and died after only afew weeks. |
|
|
Term
| What led to Calvin going back to Geneva? |
|
Definition
| he was asked to write a letter of response to Cardinal Sadoleto who had written a letter to the genevans trying to ge tthem to come back to the catholic Church. |
|
|
Term
| Did Calvin want to go back to Geneva? |
|
Definition
| No, he thought of it as hell on earth. |
|
|
Term
| Why do people think of Calvin as the dictator of Geneva? |
|
Definition
| Mainly because they hate the doctrine of predestination often associated with Calvin. |
|
|
Term
| Did Calvin invent the doctrine of election or predestination? |
|
Definition
| No, that would have been Jesus. |
|
|
Term
| What biblical passages support the idea of predestination or election? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the John 6 passage say? |
|
Definition
NIV John 6:44..."No one can come to me unless the Father who sent me draws him, and I will raise him up at the last day.
|
|
|
Term
| What does the Ephesians 1 passage say? |
|
Definition
NIV Ephesians 1:4...For he chose us in him before the creation of the world to be holy and blameless in his sight. In love 5 he predestined us to be adopted as his sons through Jesus Christ...
|
|
|
Term
| What was Calvin's warning about the doctrine of predestination? |
|
Definition
| His warning was not to go beyiond what Scripture says. He said it was like a labyrinth in which a person could get lost. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the controversial character burned at the stake in Geneva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Servetus' crime? |
|
Definition
| He was a heretic..that is, he was anti-Trinitarian. |
|
|
Term
| Did Calvin want him to die at the stake? |
|
Definition
| No. Calvin tried to persuade him to stay away and then he tried to persuade the city council to simply hang him. He was outvoted. |
|
|
Term
| What form of church government did Calvin push? |
|
Definition
| He pushed for a presbyterian form of governement...elder rule. |
|
|
Term
| What are three basic forms of church government? |
|
Definition
bishop rule,
elder rule,
congregational rule. |
|
|
Term
| What was Calvin's preferred method of preaching? |
|
Definition
| Calvin preached straight through the text...expositionally. |
|
|
Term
| Calvin had one other big blowup during his time in Geneva? It was with a group called the Libertines? What ws the conflict? |
|
Definition
| The were a bunch of immoral agitators and Calvin forbade them from coming to the Lord's Table while they were engaged in so much immorality. |
|
|
Term
| Lot's of refugees came to Geneva. Who was the most famous English speaking refugee to come there? |
|
Definition
| John Knox. Knox later became a a pastor to the English speaking refugees in Geneva. |
|
|
Term
| What was Knox's view of Geneva? |
|
Definition
He called it the most perfect school of Christ ever since the time of the apostles.
|
|
|
Term
| What nationality was Knox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Calvin's request at death? |
|
Definition
| He wanted to be buried in an unmarked or common grave so his burial place would not be thought of as a shrine. |
|
|
Term
| What was Knox's original training? |
|
Definition
| He was trained as a Catholic priest. |
|
|
Term
| Under whose influence did Knox become a Protestant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Knox's later relationship to Wishart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Later, Wishart was taken prisoner and burned at the stake. Who was responsible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did the Protestant nobles respond to what Cardinal Beaton did? |
|
Definition
| They broke into his castle at Saint Andrews, murdered him, and then mutilated his body. |
|
|
Term
| Though Knox was not with the men who killed Beaton, he later joined them there. Why? |
|
Definition
| Both for his safety and to lend his support. |
|
|
Term
| Later St. Andrews was surrounded and attacked. By whom was it attacked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the Protestants inside St. Andrews surrendered, they expected to go free. What happened instead? |
|
Definition
| They were made galley slaves. |
|
|
Term
| How long did Knox serve as a galley slave before being set free. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After Knox was freed from the galleys, he went to another country. What country was it? |
|
Definition
| England. He wound becoming a a chaplain to Edward VI. |
|
|
Term
| What event caused Knox to have to flee England? |
|
Definition
| Edward died and Bloody Mary became Queen. |
|
|
Term
| List the Kings and Queens of England from the Reformation to the Westminster Confession. |
|
Definition
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary (Bloody Mary)
Elizabeth
James I
Charles I
Oliver Cromwell (Not actually a king.)
Charles II |
|
|
Term
| What was the name of the book Knox wrote against Bloody Mary? |
|
Definition
| The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Mounstrous Regiment of Women |
|
|
Term
| Was Knox against all women rulers? |
|
Definition
| He was definitely against Mary because she was killing so many Protestants but yes probably. At least Elizabeth thought so. |
|
|
Term
| When Knox fled England, where did he go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Mary finally died, Knox returned to Scotland. He got into a conflict with someone else. Who? |
|
Definition
| Mary Queen of Scots. She was a Catholic ruling a Protestant country. She was also the mother of James I. |
|
|
Term
| Knox later wrote the Scottish Confession of Faith. What did it directly influence? |
|
Definition
| The Westminster Confession of Faith |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a question and answer form of teaching theology. |
|
|
Term
| What is the very funny definition of Puritanism attributed to H.L. Mencken. |
|
Definition
| Puritanism is the haunting fear that somebody, somewhere might be happy. |
|
|
Term
| Where did the Puritans really get their name? |
|
Definition
| They wanted to "purify" the Church of England. |
|
|
Term
| What were the two types of Puritans? |
|
Definition
| Separating Puritans...usually called Pilgrims and non-separating Puritans called Puritans. |
|
|
Term
| Why were the Pilgrims called separating Puritans? |
|
Definition
| They did not believe the Church of England could be saved and wanted to split from it altogether. |
|
|
Term
| Why were the other Puritans considered non-separating? |
|
Definition
| They didn't actually want to split from the Church of England. Instead they wanted to reform it and get rid of any remaining Catholic influence. |
|
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Term
| What were some of the things the Puritans wanted to reform in the Church of England? |
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Definition
| 1.) They didn't want priests to wear vestments. 2.) They didn't want people kneeling at communion 3.) They didn't want to use a prayer book. 4.) They wanted elder rule. |
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Term
| What got Charles I in trouble with the Puritans? |
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Definition
| He appointed Bishop Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury and Laud demanded conformity. |
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Term
| When Charles I tried to overthrow Parliament (ruled by the Puritans) a Civil War started. What happened? |
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Definition
| Charles lost and was beheaded. Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector. |
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Term
| After Cromwell died, Charles II was called back to be king. What happened to the Puritans? |
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Definition
| They were kicked out of the Church of England. Many came ot America. |
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Term
| In American Puritans generally had one form of church government while Pilgrims had another form. Which was which? |
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Definition
| Puritans were generally presbyterian and Pilgrims were generally congregational. |
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Term
| Who is the undisputed founder of Islam? |
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Definition
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