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English Bible/Reformation
Origin of the English Bible, History of the Reformation, Luther, Calvin, Knox
175
Religious Studies
11th Grade
03/03/2013

Additional Religious Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What Pope first sent armed troops to the Holy Land to recover it from Muslim domination?
Definition
Urban II
Term
What year did Urban II send troops to the Holy Land?
Definition
1095 AD
Term
Who was Alexius I?
Definition
He was the Ruler of the Eastern Empire and asked Urban II to send help.
Term
What did Alexius want the Roman Pope to do?
Definition
He wanted him to send some Knights to repel the Muslim invaders.
Term
What did Urban II actually do instead?
Definition
He made a general appeal and a bunch of people responded to go on the Crusade (not just Knights, but farmers, and shopkeepers, etc.).
Term

What was Urban II’s central concern in the famous sermon he preached at Clermont?

Definition

Recovery and restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

Term

What did Urban II promise to every crusader who went to the Holy Land on Crusade?

Definition
He promised an indulgence granting them immediate access to heaven or at very least reduced time in purgatory.
Term

When Urban appealed to the people of Europe to go to the holy Land he was asking them go on a pilgrimage…a military pilgrimage. What is a pilgrimage?

Definition
A pilgrimage is a journey with a spiritual focus.
Term

What is an indulgence?

Definition

It is like a spiritual reward for some physical act.

Term

Was the first Crusade successful?

Definition

Yes, if you mean, “Did it regain the Holy Land?” No, if you focus on the overall damage it did.

Term

What year did the Crusaders capture Jerusalem?

Definition

1099

Term

What did the Crusaders do in Jerusalem that so angers modern day Muslims?

Definition

They killed all the inhabitants of of Jerusalem, turned the Dome of the Rock into a Church, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque, into a stable.

Term

How long was Jerusalem in the hands of the Crusaders?

Definition
Until 1187, about 90 years
Term

How many Crusades were there altogether?

Definition

Seven or eight

Term

What was the most tragic of all the Crusades?

Definition
The Children’s Crusade
Term

What is a relic?

Definition
It is an ancient object that has some spiritual value attached to it. Usually, it was something physical like a nail from the crucifixion or a bone or skull from some ancient saint.
Term

Since people had to pay to view relics to receive an indulgence, it led to lots of corruption. What was the popular conception of medieval Christians regarding the connection?

Definition

The popular misconception was that a person could buy salvation or reduced time in purgatory.

Term

What is purgatory?

Definition

It is a place, in Catholic theology, where Christians must be purged of the temporal penalty of their sin before they can go to highest heaven.

Term

Is the idea of purgatory biblical?

Definition

No

Term

What is the biblical view of what happens to Christian when they die?

Definition

The biblical view is that when a Christian is absent from the body (that is, when they die) they are immediately ushered into the presence of God.

Term

Why was Bernard of Clairvaux so concerned about monastic reform?

Definition

He was concerned about monastic reform because so many monasteries had become rich, fat, and happy. They had lost their love of service and of poverty, and they had lost their love of the Bible.

Term

What specific ability set Bernard apart?

Definition

His ability to preach and teach the Bible

Term

Was Bernard able to read Greek or Hebrew?

Definition

No, he only read Latin but he had huge sections of the Bible and the Church Fathers memorized.

Term

Bernard’s influence was enduring. In particular, one reformation character was deeply affected by Bernard’s writing. Who was it?

Definition

John Calvin

 

Term

Who wrote Why the God Man?

Definition

Anselm

Term

What was Anselm’s chief concern in Why the God Man?

Definition

To argue for the satisfaction view of the atonement

Term

What position did Anselm hold in the church?

Definition

Archbishop of Canterbury (England)

Term

What are the three major views of the atonement just prior to the Reformation?

Definition

Ransom to Satan View

Moral Influence View

Satisfaction View

Term

What does the Ransom to Satan View teach?

Definition

It teaches that Jesus died to ransom sinners from Satan

Term

What does the Moral Influence View teach? 

Definition
It teaches that Jesus death was to be a deterrent to sin by showing how serious God is about sin. In other words, it is an example to sinners.
Term

What does the Satisfaction View teach? 

Definition

It teaches that Christ’s death satisfied God’s justice by actually paying the penalty of God’s justice.

 

Term

Why is the moral influence view sometimes called the deterrent view?

Definition

It is called that because as Christians think about the crucifixion they are supposed to see the seriousness of sin and be encouraged to stop sinning.

Term

Would it be a bad thing for a Christian to stop sinning (reduce sinning) as a result of considering the resurrection?

Definition

There is nothing wrong with sinning less…that’s a good thing. The problem comes when a person think they are going to get to heaven by being good…that’s called works righteousness.

 

Term

Which of the three views of the atonement eventually became the most widely accepted view?

Definition

Satisfaction view

Term

What view of the atonement did Abelard hold?

Definition

He held the moral influence view.

Term

What is the Great Schism?

Definition

The Great Schism is the divide or division (schism means division or break) in the Catholic Church that occurred just prior to the Reformation. It concerned where the papacy was to reside…France or Italy.

Term

When did the Great Schism occur?

Definition

1378

Term

What is the Babylonian Captivity of the Church?

Definition

Basically, it is the same thing as the Great Schism but from the perspective of those that wanted the papacy to stay in Italy. They argued that the French pontiffs carried off the church in Captivity to Avignon.

Term

How did the Great Schism start?

Definition

It started when the King of France, Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII got into a argument. Philip eventually took and army to Rome and unseated Boniface who was replaced by a Pope who happened to be a Frenchman.

Term

Why did the appointment of a French Pope lead to the Great Schism?

Definition

The Great Schism sprang from the fact that the new Pope, Clement V, did not like Rome and moved his summer palace to France.

Term

Where was the French papacy located…what city?

Definition

Avignon

Term

How did the papacy come to stay in France?

Definition

The new French Popes appointed French Cardinals who in turn appointed other French Popes who did not return to Italy but stayed in France.

Term

What incident sparked the appointment of two Popes during the same period of time?

Definition

Italy invented one of the later French Popes to visit Rome. While there, the Pope died, and the Italians forced the French Cardinals to appoint an Italian Pope. Once the Cardinals left Rome, however, they appointed a French Pope instead…then there two Popes in power…one in Avignon and one in Rome.

Term

How was the Great Schism eventually settled?

Definition

At the Council of Constance, the Church deposed three popes and appointed a concilliar (a person to make peace) Pope.

Term

What else happened at the Council of Constance?

Definition

The Church passed sentence on the Czech Reformer John Huss and burned him at the stake. His chief crime was that he preached against indulgences and preached in Czech rather than in Latin.

Term
What conclusion do historians draw about the Great Schism and John Wycliffe's life?
Definition
Most scholars agree that is the Great Schism had not been going on during Wycliffe's life, he would have definitely been burned at the stake.
Term
In what century did John Wycliffe live and do his Bible translation?
Definition
Late 14th Century...late 1300's.
Term
On what text did John Wycliffe case his translation?
Definition
The Latin Vulgate
Term
Who was originally responsible for producing the Vulgate?
Definition
St. Jerome
Term
When did Jerome produce the Vulgate?
Definition
Around 400 AD
Term
It took Wycliffe a long time to finish his university work. Why?
Definition
Continual outbreaks of the plague.
Term
Something dreadful happened to almost all of Europe in 1348. The dreadful thing that happened killed almost half of the people in Europe. What was it that happened?
Definition
The Bubonic Plague
Term
To what University did Wycliffe go?
Definition
Oxford
Term
Wycliffe served as a rector the last ten years of his life. What's a rector? Where did he serve?
Definition
It's a pastor; Lutterworth
Term
Wycliffe's followers were known as...?
Definition
Lollards
Term
Why were they known as Lollards?
Definition
They often preached and sand psalms to their listeners. They did in English. The word "Lollard" probably means something like "singer." Some people think the word comes from the same root word that lullaby comes from.
Term
How were the Lollards treated?
Definition

The common people loved them.

The authorities both church and state hated them.

Term
Who was Wycliffe's principal defender?
Definition
John of Gaunt
Term
What is sad about John of Gaunt's children?
Definition
They grew up to be future kings of England and they almost all persecuted the Lollards.
Term
How many Lollards were burned at the stake?
Definition
100's
Term
Who was John Huss?
Definition
He was a Catholic Priest preaching in the city of Prague in the Czech Republic.
Term
What does the word "Huss" mean?
Definition
goose
Term
What was the name of the church Where John Huss ministered in Prague?
Definition
Bethlehem Chapel
Term
Why was Huss imprisoned at killed?
Definition
He was imprisoned and killed because he preached in the vernacular and because he opposed indulgences.
Term
How was Huss killed?
Definition
Like other "heretics" he was burned at the stake.
Term
What famous quote is attributed to Huss at his execution?
Definition
Today, you burn a lean goose but a hundred years from now there will be a swan you won't be able to kill or silence.
Term
Who is the "swan" in Huss's prophecy?
Definition
Martin Luther
Term
Why should anyone think Luther was the swan Huss referred to?
Definition
He came along a hundred years after Huss (as Huss prophesied) and his family crest was a swan.
Term
In what century does Wycliffe occur?
Definition
He's late 1300's or late fourteenth century.
Term
In what century does Huss occur?
Definition
Huss was early 1400's or early fifteenth century.
Term
In what century does Tyndale appear?
Definition
Tyndale occurs in the early 's or early sixteenth century.
Term
What is Tyndale famous for?
Definition
He is famous for the first printed translation of the Bible in English.
Term
Who was King of England during Tyndale's work and ministry?
Definition
Henry VIII
Term
What was the initial reason Henry VIII wanted to separate from the Roman Catholic Church?
Definition
He wanted a male heir, and the Pope refused to let him divorce his first wife to marry someone else that might give him that male heir.
Term
On what text did Tyndale base his translation?
Definition
He based it on older Greek NT manuscripts and Hebrew OT manuscripts.
Term
What two things made Tyndale's translation different from Wycliffe's?
Definition
It was based on a better manuscript, and it was printed not copied by hand.
Term
Where did Tyndale attend school?
Definition
Oxford University
Term
What famous quote is attributed to Tyndale during an argument with a priest?
Definition
If God spares my life, ere many years pass, I will cause a boy that driveth the plow shall know more of Scripture than thou dost.
Term
From whom did Tyndale seek permission to translate the Bible into English?
Definition
The Bishop of London, Bishop Tunstall
Term
What did Tyndale decide to do when Tunstall refused to give him permission to translate the Bible into English?
Definition
He moved to Europe and began to translate the Bible into English.
Term
Who was the man that betrayed Tyndale?
Definition
Henry Phillips
Term
Where was Tyndale imprisoned?
Definition
Vilvoorde Castle near Brussels
Term
What was Tyndale's eventual fate?
Definition
He was strangled and burned at the stake alive.
Term
List two or three words, Tyndale coined (invented).
Definition
Passover, atonement, beautiful
Term
Who was the man that finished up Tyndale's translation of the Bible after Tyndale's death?
Definition
Miles Coverdale
Term
What was the Bible called that Calvin's followers added notes and study helps to?
Definition
Geneva Bible
Term
What is "ostraca?"
Definition
Ostraca is usually a piece of pottery of flat stone or clay on which words were written.
Term
What is "papyrus?"
Definition
It is a crude paper made of pressed strips of reeds.
Term
What is "parchment?"
Definition
Parchment is a heavy-duty writing material made of leather that had been cleaned of its hair and sanded smooth.
Term
What nationality was Martin Luther?
Definition
German
Term
What traumatic event caused Luther to become a monk?
Definition
He got caught in a terrible thunder storm and vowed to become a monk if delivered.
Term
What was his father's response to Luther becoming a monk?
Definition
He was furious. He thought it a terrible waste.
Term
To what religious order of monks did Martin Luther belong?
Definition
Augustinians
Term
How old was Luther when he nailed the 95 Theses to the church door at Wittenburg?
Definition
33 years old
Term
What was Luther's major concern covered in the 95 Theses?
Definition
His major concern was the abuse of indulgences.
Term
Who was the Dominican monk who became so notorious selling indulgences?
Definition
John Tetzel
Term
What was the date Luther posted the 95 Theses?
Definition
October 31, 1517
Term
What was the name of the town where Luther lived and worked as a teacher of theology?
Definition
Wittenberg
Term
Luther's boss at Wittenberg was named von Staupitz. What did von Staupitz force Luther to do against his will?
Definition
He forced him to teach Bible.
Term
What was the book of the New Testament that changed Luther's theology as he taught through it?
Definition
The Book fo Romans
Term
Why did Luther not go to Rome when summoned by the Pope?
Definition
His Prince, Prince Frederick the Wise, refused to let him go, insisting that he be tried in Germany.
Term
When Leo X, the Pope at the time, excommunicated Luther in a Papal Bull (an official papal document) Luther made things even worse. How?
Definition
He burned the document.
Term
Finally, Luther was called to the Diet of Worms under the Holy Roman Emperor. There he gave his most famous speech. What was it most famous line?
Definition
"Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen.
Term
After the Diet of Worms, Luther was kidnapped. By whom?
Definition
He was kidnapped by Frederick the Wise in an attempt to keep him alive.
Term
Where did Frederick hide him? What did Luther do there? How long was he there?
Definition
The Castle Wartburg. He translated the Bible into German. He was there two years.
Term
Luther got married in 1525. What was his wife's name? Where did she come from?
Definition
Katy von Bora. She was an ex-nun.
Term
What criticisms of Luther were later picked up and used by Hitler? What should the Christian response to Luther's words be?
Definition
His criticisms of the Jews. It should fill us with regret and make us mindful of the power of words.
Term
Luther died when he was 63. Where was he buried?
Definition
He ws a buried at the foot of the pulpit in his church at Wittenberg.
Term
What area of doctrine was impacted by Luther's study of Romans?
Definition
It was the doctrine of justification.
Term
What is justification (Question 33)
Definition
Term
What does "imputed" mean?
Definition
He means to "reckon something to someone" or to "put on someone's account"
Term
What nationality was John Calvin?
Definition
He was French although most of his ministry was conducted in Geneva Switzerland.
Term
How old was Calvin when he wrote his first book? What was the book?
Definition
He was 22. He wrote a commentary on the Roman philosopher Seneca.
Term
What was the name of Calvin first Christian book?
Definition
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Term
What does the term "institutes" mean in Calvin's title?
Definition
It means something like the "basics."  So the Institutes of the Christian Religion means something like "The Basics of Christianity."
Term
How old was Calvin when he wrote the Instittues?
Definition
27
Term
Why did Calvin write the Institutes?
Definition
He wrote to defend the Reformation and its theology. He did that because so many of his friends were being killed and persecuted for the gospel.
Term
To whom is the forward of the Institutes written?
Definition
It is addressed to the King of France.
Term
Why did Calvin have to flee Paris for his life?
Definition
He had helped a friend, Nicolas Cop, write his inagural address as the Rector of the University of Paris. It was evangelical in tone and the Catholics decided to kill them both.
Term
Why did Calvin detour to pass through Geneva on his way to Strassbourg?
Definition
A war was blocking the road to Strassbourg.
Term
Who was the Reformer in Geneva that pressured Calvin to stay and help with the work there?
Definition
William Farel
Term
What was it that got Calvin and Farel in trouble at Geneva?
Definition
They tried to initiate a measure of church discipline.
Term
When Calvin and Farel were fired at Geneva, where did Calvin go?
Definition
He went on to Strassbourg where he became a pastor to the French refugees there.
Term
What else happened to Calvin at Strassbourg?
Definition
He got married to Idelette de Bure.
Term
How long were Calvin and Idelette married?
Definition
9 years
Term
What happened to Idelette's first husband?
Definition
He died of the plague.
Term
How many children did Calvin and his wife have?
Definition
One. His name was Jacque and he was born prematurely and died after only afew weeks.
Term
What led to Calvin going back to Geneva?
Definition
he was asked to write a letter of response to Cardinal Sadoleto who had written a letter to the genevans trying to ge tthem to come back to the catholic Church.
Term
Did Calvin want to go back to Geneva?
Definition
No, he thought of it as hell on earth.
Term
Why do people think of Calvin as the dictator of Geneva?
Definition
Mainly because they hate the doctrine of predestination often associated with Calvin.
Term
Did Calvin invent the doctrine of election or predestination?
Definition
No, that would have been Jesus.
Term
What biblical passages support the idea of predestination or election?
Definition
John 6 and Ephesians 1
Term
What does the John 6 passage say?
Definition

NIV John 6:44..."No one can come to me unless the Father who sent me draws him, and I will raise him up at the last day.

Term
What does the Ephesians 1 passage say?
Definition

NIV Ephesians 1:4...For he chose us in him before the creation of the world to be holy and blameless in his sight. In love 5 he predestined us to be adopted as his sons through Jesus Christ...

Term
What was Calvin's warning about the doctrine of predestination?
Definition
His warning was not to go beyiond what Scripture says. He said it was like a labyrinth in which a person could get lost.
Term
Who was the controversial character burned at the stake in Geneva?
Definition
Servetus
Term
What was Servetus' crime?
Definition
He was a heretic..that is, he was anti-Trinitarian.
Term
Did Calvin want him to die at the stake?
Definition
No. Calvin tried to persuade him to stay away and then he tried to persuade the city council to simply hang him. He was outvoted.
Term
What form of church government did Calvin push?
Definition
He pushed for a presbyterian form of governement...elder rule.
Term
What are three basic forms of church government?
Definition

bishop rule,

elder rule,

congregational rule.

Term
What was Calvin's preferred method of preaching? 
Definition
Calvin preached straight through the text...expositionally.
Term
Calvin had one other big blowup during his time in Geneva? It was with a group called the Libertines? What ws the conflict?
Definition
The were a bunch of immoral agitators and Calvin forbade them from coming to the Lord's Table while they were engaged in so much immorality.
Term
Lot's of refugees came to Geneva. Who was the most famous English speaking refugee to come there?
Definition
John Knox. Knox later became a a pastor to the English speaking refugees in Geneva.
Term
What was Knox's view of Geneva?
Definition

He called it the most perfect school of Christ ever since the time of the apostles.

Term
What nationality was Knox?
Definition
He was a Scotsman
Term
What was Calvin's request at death?
Definition
He wanted to be buried in an unmarked or common grave so his burial place would not be thought of as a shrine.
Term
What was Knox's original training?
Definition
He was trained as a Catholic priest.
Term
Under whose influence did Knox become a Protestant?
Definition
George Wishart
Term
What was Knox's later relationship to Wishart?
Definition
Friend and bodyguard.
Term
Later, Wishart was taken prisoner and burned at the stake. Who was responsible?
Definition
Cardinal Beaton
Term
How did the Protestant nobles respond to what Cardinal Beaton did?
Definition
They broke into his castle at Saint Andrews, murdered him, and then mutilated his body.
Term
Though Knox was not with the men who killed Beaton, he later joined them there. Why?
Definition
Both for his safety and to lend his support.
Term
Later St. Andrews was surrounded and attacked. By whom was it attacked?
Definition
The French Navy
Term
When the Protestants inside St. Andrews surrendered, they expected to go free. What happened instead?
Definition
They were made galley slaves.
Term
How long did Knox serve as a galley slave before being set free.
Definition
19 months
Term
After Knox was freed from the galleys, he went to another country. What country was it?
Definition
England. He wound becoming a a chaplain to Edward VI.
Term
What event caused Knox to have to flee England?
Definition
Edward died and Bloody Mary became Queen.
Term
List the Kings and Queens of England from the Reformation to the Westminster Confession.
Definition

Henry VIII

Edward VI

Mary (Bloody Mary)

Elizabeth

James I

Charles I

Oliver Cromwell (Not actually a king.)

Charles II

Term
What was the name of the book Knox wrote against Bloody Mary?
Definition
The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Mounstrous Regiment of Women
Term
Was Knox against all women rulers?
Definition
He was definitely against Mary because she was killing so many Protestants but yes probably. At least Elizabeth thought so.
Term
When Knox fled England, where did he go?
Definition
Geneva
Term
When Mary finally died, Knox returned to Scotland. He got into a conflict with someone else. Who?
Definition
Mary Queen of Scots. She was a Catholic ruling a Protestant country. She was also the mother of James I.
Term
Knox later wrote the Scottish Confession of Faith. What did it directly influence?
Definition
The Westminster Confession of Faith
Term
What is a catechism?
Definition
It is a question and answer form of teaching theology.
Term
What is the very funny definition of Puritanism attributed to H.L. Mencken.
Definition
Puritanism is the haunting fear that somebody, somewhere might be happy.
Term
Where did the Puritans really get their name?
Definition
They wanted to "purify" the Church of England.
Term
What were the two types of Puritans?
Definition
Separating Puritans...usually called Pilgrims and non-separating Puritans called Puritans.
Term
Why were the Pilgrims called separating Puritans?
Definition
They did not believe the Church of England could be saved and wanted to split from it altogether.
Term
Why were the other Puritans considered non-separating?
Definition
They didn't actually want to split from the Church of England. Instead they wanted to reform it and get rid of any remaining Catholic influence.
Term
What were some of the things the Puritans wanted to reform in the Church of England?
Definition
1.) They didn't want priests to wear vestments. 2.) They didn't want people kneeling at communion 3.) They didn't want to use a prayer book. 4.) They wanted elder rule.
Term
What got Charles I in trouble with the Puritans?
Definition
He appointed Bishop Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury and Laud demanded conformity.
Term
When Charles I tried to overthrow Parliament (ruled by the Puritans) a Civil War started. What happened?
Definition
Charles lost and was beheaded. Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector.
Term
After Cromwell died, Charles II was called back to be king. What happened to the Puritans?
Definition
They were kicked out of the Church of England. Many came ot America.
Term
In American Puritans generally had one form of church government while Pilgrims had another form. Which was which?
Definition
Puritans were generally presbyterian and Pilgrims were generally congregational.
Term
Who is the undisputed founder of Islam?
Definition
Muhammed
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