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English 2220 exam 1
axial age...
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English
Undergraduate 3
02/13/2011

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Term
Axial Age
Definition
Coined by historian Karl Jaspers to designate a world wide shift in focus of religion away from "cosmic maintenance" to more complex abstract ideas
Term
Cosmic Maintenance
Definition
Concept that function of religious practice is to persuade gods to assist with weather, crops, health for the benefit of human beings
Term
Rituals
Definition
Ceremonies performed by shamans or priest to bring about cooperation of the gods
Term
China's Dynasties
Definition
Chinese Scholars view their history in a series of Dynasties (periods of rule by royal families of a given region) Time is calculated according to dynasties
Term
Shang Dynasty
Definition
Earlies Chinese writing
Term
Scapulamancy
Definition
"bone Cracking" to divine the future. Cow scapulae or turtle shells were some of the common materials used
Term
Kanji (Japense Term)
Definition
Chinese writing system. Kanji is the oldest, Non Egyptian script extant
Term
Ideographs 
Definition
Characters carry concepts ( as opposed to alphabets). It can be understood without learning "spoken" language
Term
Shi
Definition
A special class of people called  literati ( people who are able to read and write)
Term
Confucian Principles-- Ritual
Definition

 

• Rituals correctly performed nourish the proper observation of

relationship obligations.

o Rituals are the outward expression of the relationship:

o The rituals Confucius reveres are recorded in the Classic of Rites and other 

documents delineating protocol in important situations

o “rituals” include public behaviors– etiquette, politeness – as well as private and 

community ceremonies to honor ancestors: even details regarding the length 

and proper clothing for mourning are proscribed.

 

Term
Confucian Principles-- Filal Piety
Definition

 

• Filial piety is the duty and obedience owed to the superior member of any relationship, but especially referring to the duty a child owes to the father.

o “When someone’s father is alive, observe his or her ambitions. When the father 

is deceased, observe [the person’s] actions. If, after three years, he or she has 

not changed from the way of the father, then he or she can be called filial.” I.II

 

Term
Confucian Ideal- The gentleman
Definition

 

• The “gentleman” is the ideal man

• He understands relationships

• He correctly observes ritual

• He engages in learning

• He models “the Way”*

 

*also called the dao (tao) – Confucius seems to

understand it as a universal moral code and does not examine its metaphysical origin

 

Term
Confucian Leadership
Definition

 

• A ruler should lead by example

• He should perfect himself as a gentleman

• Subjects will imitate his behavior (especially as he observes the rituals) and restrain 

their uncivil impulses without force

• “If you guide them with legislation, and unify them withpunishments, then the people will avoid [the punishments] but have no conscience. If you guide them with virtue, and unify them with ritual, then they will have a conscience; moreover, they will correct 

themselves.

 

Term
Mandate of Heaven (Tianming)
Definition

 

• Concept developed in Zhou Dynasty and predates Confucius

• “Heaven” (tian) is a sort of natural law or universal ethical system – the force that drives “the Way”

• Men rule because tian grants them that power 

• However, if a ruler is abusive, tian removes its approval and hands it to someone more 

worthy

 

Term
Confucian Classics
Definition

 

• The Classic of Poetry


• The Classic of History


• The Book of Changes (I-Ching)


• The Classic of Rites


• The Spring and Autumn Annals 

 

Term

Daoist Principles

Definition

• We should seek and follow the Way (dao) – to Daoists, the Way is the invisible, indescribable universal natural state of all things
• We should not interfere with the course of events; instead, we should bring ourselves into harmony with them
• Action based on our intellect alone is futile because we can only ever have partial, temporary knowledge
• We must keep our focus on personal development

Term
Buddha
Definition
"the enlightened one"
Term
Siddhartha Gautama
Definition
Founder of buddhism
Term

Sutra

Definition

Scriptures recorded by the disciples and later followers of Siddhartha Gautama. ( Buddah)

Term
Aryans
Definition
Nomads from Northwest (central asia)
Term

Veda (Wisdom)

Definition

Sacred oral tradition that becomes the foundation for Hinduism.

Term
Transmigration
Definition

Reincarnation of the soul into various forms as a direct result of karma.

Term
Karma
Definition
the concept that all action in this life has a consequence in future lives
Term
Samsara
Definition
is the term for the cycle of birth/death/birth. It is not considered to be a desirable cycle
Term
Ascetic
Definition
a person who dedicates his or her life to a pursuit of contemplative ideals and practices extreme self-denial or self-mortification for religious reasons.
Term
nirvana
Definition
state of awakening, peace, still. A blissful state
Term
bodhisattva
Definition
an enlightened one who chooses to help others achieve enlightenment
Term
Heart Sutra
Definition

scripture given to Tripitaka to help him on his journey.

 

* the Heart Sutra-Form is no different from emptiness; emptiness is no different from form. Form is emptiness and emptiness is form. Of sensations, perceptions, volition, and consciousness, the same is also true. It is thus that all dharmas (laws, rules, duties) are
but empty appearances . . . This is why in emptiness there are no forms, sensations, perceptions, volition, or consciousness. No eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, or mind. ( “Six Robbers”) No form, sound, smell, taste, touch, or object of mind. . . until we reach the realm of no-mind consciousness.”

Term
“Internal Alchemy
Definition

Yu’s term for the changes that must take place in an individual in order to achieve Immortality.

Term
Tripitaka (three baskets)
Definition

must undergo 10 incarnations and 81 ordeals for not paying attention during a lesson when he lived in the Western Paradise

Term
Monkey (Sun Wu-k’ung) = Aware of Vacuity)
Definition
must atone for trying to usurp the throne of Heaven. He has been immobilized for 500 years since his banishment to Earth. Monkey is awaiting Tripitaka so he can begin his penance. He is already equipped with his cudgel and with his impenetrable body, courtesy of the alchemist Lao-Tsu.
Term
Dragon-Prince (replaces tripitaka's horse after eating it)
Definition

offended the gods by burning his father’s palace and destroying sacred pearls. Kuan-Yin rescues him from execution and convinces the Jade King to turn him over to her to be transport for Tripitaka

Term
Pigsy (Chu Wu-neng = Awakes to Power)
Definition

an immortal who was doomed to wander the “world of dust” for making overtures to the Goddess of the Moon – during his time on Earth, he eats people to live, so he must atone and become a vegetarian.

Term
Sandy (Sha Wu-ching = Awakes to Purity)
Definition

an immortal who is suffering punishment for breaking a cup during a Festival – during his time on Earth, he has eaten 9 scripture pilgrims and must atone for that as well.

Term
Shinto
Definition
Japan's oldest religion
Term
Uji
Definition
organized clans
Term
Bakufu
Definition
“tent” governments
Term
shogun
Definition
general or warlord
Term
bushido
Definition
code of the samurai
Term
chonin
Definition
townspeople – merchants and artisans
Term
ukiyo
Definition

Buddhist term for the world of things that are temporary, that pass away

Term
Japanese Aesthetics ( Ga)
Definition

elegant, neat, proper

 

*Uses classical Chinese and Japanese poetry and prose

Term
Japanese Aesthetics ( Zoku)
Definition

vulgar, ordinary

 

*Uses real life
Term
Kabuki
Definition
Theater for the People
Term
Bunraku
Definition
Puppet Theater with Adult Themes
Term
 Who was know as “the 20,000 master” after he allegedly composed 23,500 haikai in a single night?
Definition
Ihara Saikaku
Term
Ihara Saikaku was the pioneer of which japanese style?
Definition
The Realist style
Term
Akinari became master of which new genre of japanese literature?
Definition
Yomihon ( books for reading)
Term
Waka (Japanese Poem)
Definition

an ancient form of Japanese poetry popularized in the Heian era.

Term
Renga
Definition
“corporate” poems- peoms composed by a group of poets who take turns in adding verses.
Term
Qur’an (the recitation)
Definition

a compilation of Muhammad’s “recitations” of Gabriel’s revelations to him. These were written down by his followers and published as a single book after Muhammad’s death.

Term
Dervish
Definition
A member of the “Sufi” sect of Muslims
Term
Ascetic
Definition
renounce earthly pleasures, such as money, power, sex, rich food in order to attain spiritual excellence.
Term
Mendicant
Definition
beggars; practitioners live solely on donations to devote their time to their mission
Term
Monastic
Definition
live apart from the world, sometimes in communities of other members
Term
5 Pillars of Islam
Definition
  • Confession of faith (at least once)
  • Daily prayer (salat) 5 times daily
  • Almsgiving (Zakat)
  • Fasting at Ramadan
  • Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

 

Term
Muhammad
Definition
"highly Praised"
Term
Effendi
Definition
Scholar
Term
5 worst maladies that afflict the female mind (greater learning for women)
Definition

 

  • indocility
  • discontent
  • slander 
  • jealousy
  • sillines

*the worst of them being silliness

 

Term
Analects
Definition
Text for Confucianism. Analects were collection of confucius sayings compiled by his students
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