• The subject and verb relationship is straightforward:
•  the subject is a be-er or a do-er and the verb moves the sentence along.
• the opposite of Passive voice

• A story in which character, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas.
•  Allegory is a story with two meanings- a literal one and a symbolic one.

• repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words
•  
• Ie. Big Blue Bug

• A reference to a person, place or event outside of the work in which it appears
•  
• adds more depth to the story without actually stating all the description
•  something in a story "alludes to " - makes you think of, without actually stating all the details

• A special form of comparison that is used for a specific purpose:
• to explain something abstract or difficult to understand by:
• showing its similarity to something concrete or easy to understand.

• evidence based on a personal experience and observation
• evidence not proven or backed by evidence
•  
• anecdote = a story told by someone

• the main person or force against the protagonist
• not necessarily the "bad guy"

• Usually the sudden change from a series of notable events to a trivial one
• OR
• a story climax was expected but did not occur
• causes a lessening in suspense

• A set of contrasting words, ideas, phrases, or sentences expressed in a balanced grammatical structure.
• the direct opposite of someone or something

• concise, poignant statement
• expressing truth about life

• The direct addressing of (speaking to) a dead or absent person, an abstract quality, or something non-human.

• Words or phrases that were used regularily in a language, but are now less common
• ie. thee, thine
•  Archaic = Old fashioned

• in drama, lines spoken by a character directed only to the audience
•  (not heard by play's characters)

• the sequential repetition of vowel sounds, particularly in stressed syllables.

• the emotional climate of  a work
•  usually introduced at the start of a literary work then built on by setting, character reaction etc.

• a group of listeners, readers or spectators
• sometimes refers to the "type of listener" the author is addressing his/her message to

• a narrative poem
•  usually simple
•  originally meant to be sung
•  tells a story or tale

• structure of poems - like a "paragraph"
• quatrain of alternating four and three stress lines
• usually rhyming on the second and fourth lines

• a personal and sometimes unreasoned judgement
•  
• (affects point of view)
• opinion and knowledge of writer may cause view to be pro / con / less imformed / misinformed

• a detailed account of a person's life,
•  written by another person

harsh, dicordant sounds

 frequently used for poetic effect

caricature

(language, not drawing)

• the use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear comic or ridiculous

• the study of a single case
• (used as an example)

• a disaster
• specifically in literature: the scene in a tradegy that includes the death or moral destruction of the protagonist - called the catastrophic event

• an pattern of essay development,
• it explains why or how some event happened, and what resulted from the event.

one of the persons (or sometimes animals) of a drama, novel, or poem

• a character with only one or two character traits
• simple, often a minor character

a charcter who does not change

 during the events of the plot

character who is changed internally by end of the story

ie. a character change, not simply leaving or dying

• an easily recognizable character 
• one who evokes a fixed mental picture in the reader
• usually minor character/ less written about them

• A character used to 'show up' or highlight some feature of the main character
• contrast - by being very different or oposite in character

• In Greek drama the chorus is a group of actors who commment on the action in "choral odes" separating the play's episodes.
• The chorus usually expresses traditional attitudes or the probable views of the audience.
• Chorus can also be used as a synonym for refrain, meaning the repeated lines or stanzas.

• an overly used or stereotyped expression or phrase.
• Example: 'Last, but not least'                          "the dawn of a new era"

• Words, clauses or phrases are arranged              in order of increasing importance / intensity 
• the origin of the word "climax" is Greek, meaning "ladder"

• often  point of greatest intensity or suspense
•  This is the crucial part of the story or drama,
•  the part that determines the outcome of the conflict.
•  

• A converstaional expression or a word or phrase found in everyday speech.
• may not be a formal or "proper English" word
• ie. "Huh?"  "What's up?"

• a literary work that is primarily humorous           & ends happily.
• Example: Shakespeare's  A Midsummer Night's Dream
• exception: a Tragic Comedy - is funny              but ends sadly

• a comic element inserted into a tragic or sombre work, especially a play
• literary device used to relieve tension.

• compare  means list/discuss is alike 
• compare and contrast: list/ discuss points of similiarity and also of difference between people, things, ideas, events
• contrast means discuss points  not the same 
• Also, C/C is a pattern of essay development.

• struggle between opposing forces, ideas or characters in a literary work.
• These may be catergorized as either external or internal.

• Connotation - considered the emotions and/or associations aroused by the word              (connote = imply)
• Denotation - literal,  dictionary definition of word. (denote = state)

• the repetition of similar consonant sounds
• may be in middle or at end of a group of words.
• ie bent  lent  went  spent   event

• to discuss the differences between two ideas, events, characters, settings etc..

the dictionary definition of a word

Denote = to mean/ to state

• the outcome of a plot
• when the conflicts are resolved or unravelled 
• misunderstandings are set straight
• follows climax, is part of falling action of story.

• writing (word picture) intended to allow a reader to picture the scene or setting in which the action of a story takes place
•  The form this description takes often evokes an intended emotional response, utilizes one or more of the senses and leaves the reader with a dominant impression.

• variety of a language used by people from particular geographic area
• each dialect has unique grammar, vocabulary, syntax, common expressions, pronounciation rules
• Ie. Creole & Quebecois - both forms of French, but very different sound, words

• choices of words
• good writer is acutely aware of language, quality level, appropriateness to story development or character type

• a special type of conflict involving two or more options
• a difficult choice to be made

• an author (the narrator or other characters) tells his reader directly what the character is like
• use of exposition or analysis.

•  harsh or disagreeable combination of sounds
•  discord
• dissonant sounds

• plays- a branch of literature & as a performing art
• a serious subject (not a comedy)

• the reader or audience percieves something that a character is unaware of that is ironic
• (Ironic = surprising twist of fate)

• dramatic monologue is piece of lyric poem in which speaker is persona created by  poet
•  speaker's character is revealed unintentionally through his/her attitudes in dramatic situation.
• drama - part of high intensity, high emotion
• monologue is one person speaking to themself

• writing that expresses opinions intended to persuade viewers and listeners to take a side.

• a formal poem of lament and consolation concerning a person's death or                reflections on a death in general.

• writing designed to target the reader's emotions
• and to persuade them in some way (appeal to)

• a long narrative poem
•  telling about the deeds of a great hero
•  reflecting the values of a society.

• a moment of illumination or sudden realization
• the "aha!" moment

• quotation or motto at the beginnning of a chapter, book, short story, or poem
• makes some point about the work.

• an inscription on a gravestone or a short poem
• written in memory of someone who has died.

• A short literary composition on a single subject
• usually presenting personal views of the author.

• usually about writer's life, written in first person
• This is an esay which emphasizes a personal, subjective view.

• Persuasive writing is emotionally charged, personal
• attempts to convince the reader that the point of view of course of action recommended by the writer is valid.
• Only one side of the issue is presented or uneven representatin is given to the sides

• has one, clear dominant impression and involves the reader so he or she can actually visualize the things being described,
• It is essential to use specific, concrete and sensory rich details.

• Tells a story.
• essay type includes all conventions of storytelling: plot, character, setting, climax, ending.
• usually filled with details that are carefully selected to explain, support, or embellish story.
• may include dialogue

• similarities and differences.
•  This essay may be developed point by point of comparison or contrast, or comparison grouped and contrast points grouped.

• a deliberate softening of a harsh truth.
• can be a less harsh word or phrase substituted
• Ie "Auntie passed on."   instead of "Auntie died."

• words combined to produce soothing, flowing, pleasant sounds.
• (opposite of cacophony)

Define Exposition

(expository writing)

Writing intended to give information about or explain difficult material.

• facts, statistics or opinion given by someone who has expertise in the field that he/she is commenting on.

• a metaphor that is found throughout the poem
• not merely repeated, but layers of detail are added to the original metaphor

• the opposition of two forces, ideas or characters
• which may be identified and discussed as the following: person versus person, person versus society, person versus environment, person versus the supernatural or person versus technology, animal versus animal etc...

• A fable is a short story with a didactic purpose
• illustrating a moral or general truth about human nature
• frequently allegorical/ often ending with an epigram.

• a genre of art, literature, film, television or music
• which deals with elements of the supernatural either as a primary element of the plot, setting, or both.

• A "low" form of comedy (simple, not intellectual)
• appeals to audience on a purely emotional level
• absurdly exaggerated character types or actions

• language not meant to be taken literally
• provides a writer with opportunity to write imaginatively
• also tests imagination of reader.

• when a story goes back in time sequence
• to relate an event which took place before the beginning of the story

• hints/clues in a narrative
• to suggest what will happen later

• a kind or style of literature
• ie. horror, historical romance...

• Visual design which presents information
•  may include charts, graphs, photographs etc..

• stylistic device
• writer refers to a person or event in history

• The use of exaggeration
• ie. " he was dead tired." does not mean actually dead, but only very tired

• manner of speaking that's natural to native speakers of that language
• often an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred (interpreted) from the meanings of the indvidual words that make up the expression

• words that create pictures / messages in a reader's mind
• appealing to one or more of the senses: sight, taste, touch, hearing, and smell.

• no conclusion is arrived at
• reader must form his/her own opinion.

•  author shows without comment a characters' words and actions
•  implies rather than describing directly their traits in a literary work.

• a form of stream-of-consciousness wrting
• represents the inner thoughts of a character.

• struggle within a person (their conscience)
• often a moral dilemma a decision/ choice to be made

Define Irony

define and list types

recognition of incongruity between reality & appearance.

• Situational Irony
• Verbal Irony
• Dramatic Irony

Irony - dramatic

-define

• when a character in a play unwittingly makes a remark which the audience /reader knows to be fateful or true

Irony - situational

define

• difference between what is intended and what actually occurs

Irony - verbal

define

• difference between what is meant and what is spoken

• words or expressions dealing with technical peculiarities of a given field
• requires specialized vocabulary
• used by a particular group or profession

• writer places two phrases, ideas close together 
• contrasts two ideas, shows likeness or difference
• emphasizes opposite qualities of the two ideas

•  traditional story or collection of related stories
•  popularly regarded as true but actually containing a mixture of fact and fiction

• Writing without exaggerating or embellishing the subject matter
• without any tools of figurative language.

• a relatively short, non-narrative type of poetry
• presents a personal, often intense display of thoughts or emotions.

• a tragedy
• characters are extremes of good and evil
• emotional effects are achieved through violence and intrigue at the expense of realism.

• a figure of speech
• states direct comparison between two dissimilar things.

• organization of speech rhythms (verbal stresses) into regular patterns
• in terms of both arrangement of stresses and their frequency of repetition per line of verse.

• Something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained
• or a genre of literature which uses suspense and intrigue.

Can be

• a falsehood widely believed
• story that was / is part of beliefs of a culture
• explains the nature of the world and social conventions as the result of influence of supernatural beings.

• The person who tells the story.
• may or may not be in the story themselves

A viewpoint:

• not influenced by the emotions or prejudices
• based on observed facts

• An eight line poem or stanza
• 8 lines of a Petrarchan sonnet referred to as octave.

• long lyric poem which deals with a serious subject in an elevated style
• Odes are written for a special occasion to honour a person or a season or to commemorate and event.

• Use of words whose sounds seem to imitate the sounds associated with the act involved.
• ie. crack crack crunch

• a type of paradox
• combines two terms ordinarily seen as opposites.

• subject of the sentence is neither a do-er or be-er
• is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed.

• ie. The work was finished.
• (unnamed agent doing this work?
• instead of: I finished the work.

• the pastoral is a poem which idealizes the peacefull and simple lifestyle of shepherds or people of the countryside who live close to nature.

• character of the first-person narrator in verse or prose narratives
• and the speaker in lyric poetry.

• A figure of speech
• inanimate (non-living) objects, animals or abstract ideas are given human qualities.

• Who is telling the story:
• First Person-- a story told using I,me,we
• Third person - told using he/she/they
• Omniscient--"all knowing", insight into thoughts, feelings of all characters
• Limited Omniscient-reader given insights into thoughts of some characters
• Objective- told in third person, reader must interpret character's actions/speech, uncover meaning/ neutral point of view- developed using dialogue

• a stylistic device
• used to advance information in a non-fiction passage
• benefits and disadvantages of an issue are revealed.

• introductory section of literary work
• often contains information establishing the situation of the characters or presents of information about the setting, time period, or action.

• ideas spread deliberately to further a cause
• often distorts facts or contains lies
• can be spread in any media form

•  central or main character of a literary work
•  not necessarily the hero
• Example: Romeo in Romeo and Juliet

• A pithy saying that had gained credence (belief) through widespread or frequent use.
• Most proverbs express some basic truth or practical precept (idea).

• The reason(s) for which the text has been written.
• Some of the main purposes of writing are to inform; to persuade; to entertain; to convey a personal experience; to rouse to action.

• A play on words
• word or phrase used to deliberately convey two meanings at the same time.

• word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem
•  usually at the end of stanzas.

• Implies that the answer is obvious-
• kind of question that does not need to be answered.

• repetition of sounds
• in two or more words that appear close to each other
• or end sound of two lines of poetry following each other

A particular pattern of rhyme in a poem.

ie aabb aabb

• pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
• stress = emphasize when speaking

• series of plot conflicts and crises
• that constitute part of the plot leading up to climax.

• Bitter remarks intended to hurt
• said as the opposite of what is really meant
•  ie "That was smart."

•  blend of wit, irony and humour 
•  reveals and criticizes a person, idea, or subject.

•  a six-line poem or stanza
•  Usually the last six lines of a Petrarchan sonnet are reffered to as the sestet.

• time and place of a literary work
• Setting serves to establish the physical background and atmosphere or theme of the work.

• comparison between two dissimilar things
• using the words 'like' or 'as'

• Generally implies playful, informal speech.
• language that is innapropriate for formal writing
• can be considered a more extreme form of colloquialisms.

• in drama, soliloquy is a convention
• characters speak their thoughts aloud while alone
• communicate to the audience their mental state, intentions, and motives.
• used often by Shakespeare

• A fourteen line lyric poem (8+6)
•  with a particular rhyme scheme.

• A group of lines in a poem
• (separated from other line groups by space)

• An author's particular or unique way of writing
• determined by such elements as diciton, syntax, imagery.

• A narrative technique
• designed to give the impression of an ever-changing series of thoughts, emotions, images, and memories of the writer or character.

• writing style, words chosen to suggest feelings or intuitions of the writer.
• not pure fact, but includes opinion

• story ends otherwise than the reader might expect.
• story not as predicted or implied earlier in story

• The quality in the piece of literature which arouses excitement, curiosity or expectation in the reader.
• device for building literary tension

• The use of something concrete (tangible/visible) such as an object, person, place, event to stand for an abstraction or a more complicated idea.

• In synecdoche, a part is used to signify the whole.
• Example: a ship's captain calls out, "All hands on deck!" (in which "hand" signifies the entire sailor.)

• The point a writer is arguing.
• While the topic is the subject, the thesis defines the writer's position on that subject.

The attitude a writer takes toward his/her subject.

ie. angry, sympathetic

• A tragic hero posseses a tragic flaw that will cause his demise (death) or downfall.
• May be a person of noble birth or high authority, doomed to make a serious error in judgement.

• repeating word or phrase
• emphasises action or idea

• use of words in one sense to give perception in another
• ie 'red hot guy'- uses sight and touch words to produce reaction in thought/ reaction/ perception

• what is suggested by a word in addition to it's basic meaning
• to imply
• can have social or emotional overtones