np>

Noun Phrase

Parts of Speach

 noun, verb, adjective, adverb, personal pronoun, preposition, idenfinite article, demonstrative article, subordinating conjunction, passive auxiiary, and infinitive marker

Linguistics

The scientific study of language

Suffixes

are meaning ful word parts that cannot occur as words on their own

How to tell a Derivational and Inflectional suffixes apart.

• Derivational suffixed tend to change the part of speech (but not alway), where inflectional suffixes never do.
• Derivational suffix must preccede the inflectional suffix when occuring in the same word.
• Words with derivation suffixes are listen separately in the dictionary, where as inflectional forms are not.

Inflectional Suffixes in English

Nouns: Plural (books, cats, classes)

         Possessive (Mary's Ted's)

Verbs: Present (pavers, walks, dances)

         past (paved, walked, danced)

         Present participle: (paving, walking,dancing)

         Past participle: (broken, hidden, proven)

Adjectives: comparative (faster, prettier, funnier)

             superlative (fastest, prettiest, funniest)

Sentence

An arrangement of words where the words act on one another, specifying and even changing on another's meaning, and thus expressing relationships and connections amoung the entities to which the words refers.

S:

 SUBJECT

P:

PREDICATER

DO:

DIRECT OBJECT

 IO:

INDIRECT OBJECT

ICC:

INITIAL CLAUSE COMPLEMENT

FCC:

FINAL CLAUSE COMPLEMENT

Clause Complements

are typically adverbs such as ethusiastically or prepositional phrases such as enthusiasm

pp>

prepositional phrase

vp>

Verb phrase

advp>

Adverb phrase

H:

HEAD:

• every noun phrase must have an H: position
• the head may occure alone or with up to two positions preceding it and on positon following it.

D: and/or M:

Determiner and Modifier

• May precede the H: (Head)

PO:

Post Modifier

• may follow the H: (Head)

Derivational or Inflectional Suffix?

Study becomes student      v - n   (derivational)

nation becomes National     n - adj  (derivational)

begin becomes begins        v - v   (inflectional)

child becomes children       n - n   (inflectional)

write become writer        v - n   (derivational)

rational become rationalize    adj - v  (derivational)

Form or Function?

Michael Jackson  form...

Singer  FUNCTION

German Shepheard  form...

Guard Dog FUNCTION

np> (D:) + (POD:) + (M:) + H: + (PM:)

noun phrase> Determinor: + Post Determinor: + Modifiers: + Head: + Post Modifiers

(parenthesis stand for maybe as in may occure and may not.)

      np> (D:) + (POD:) +  (M:) + H: + (PM:)

                                      n...

                                    [perspro...]

                                    [dempro...]

                                    [posspro...]

n...                                       noun

[perspro...]            personal pronoun

[dempro...]            demonstrative pronoun

[posspro...]           possessive pronoun

Pronouns - personal pronouns

(subject or nomative)

        Singular                 Plural

           I                           we

          you                        you

      he, she, it                  they

(Begins the sentence, occures before the verb)

Pronouns - personal

(accusative or object pronouns)

   Singular                           Plural

      me                                us

      you                              you

  him, her, it                       them

(occur at the end of a sentence, after the verb)

Pronouns - possessive

(Genitive)

 Singluar                plural

mine                   ours

yours                  yours

his, hers, its          theirs

(Head of a noun phrase, can stand alone)

Form -

Pronoun -

personal pronouns -

[perspro...]

defined formally by listing (pure form):

I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they,

me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

(since this is a closed class, this is a complete list.)

FUNCTION:

Personal Pronoun

[perspro...]

funtion as Head: (H:) of a noun phrase (np>). 

ex. They have arrived. John saw them.

cannot be preceded by Determiners (D:), Post Determiner's (POD:), or Modifiers (M:)

(so, there are no "the you, three us. happy them")

Meaning-

Personal Pronoun

[perspro...]

express information about

1) cases:

       I, you, he, she, it, we, they = nominative

       me, you, him, her, it, us, them = accusative

2) number:

       I, she, he, it me, her, him = singular

             we, they, us, them = plural

3) person:

       I, me, we, us = first person

       you = second person (singular or plural)

       she, he, it, her, him, they, them = third person

4) gender:

       she, her, = feminine    him, his = masculine

it = neuter

FORM:

possessive pronoun

[posspro...]

defined formally by listing (pure form):

mine, yours, hers, his, its

 ours, your, thiers

(this is a closed class, so this is a complete list.)

FUNCTION:

possessive pronoun

[posspro...]

function as HEAD (H:) of noun phrase (np>)

Mine have arrived.

John saw theirs.

Cannot be preceded by Derterminers (D:), Post Determiners (POD:), or Modifiers (M:)

"the yours, three ours, happy theirs"

MEANING:

possessive pronoun

[posspro...]

refer to an entity as being possessed by the person or person that the pronoun refers to

 (ex. mine could mean "the pencil owned by me")

Also express informaiton abou the number, person, and sometimes, gender of the possessor.

FORM:

demostrative pronoun

[dempro...]

defined formally by listing (pure form)

this, that, these, those

(this is a closed class, so that is a complete list)

FUNCTION:

Demonstrative pronoun

[dempro...]

function as HEAD (H:) of noun phrase (np>)

ex. This is the library.  She saw that.

Cannot be preceded by (D:), (POD:), or (M:)

so no "the this, three these, happy those"

MEANING:

dempostrative pronoun

[dempro...]

express information about

1) number:

              this, that = singular

              these, those = plural

2) place

              this, these = near

              that, those = not so near

np> (D:) + (POD:) + (M:) + H: + (PM:)

          dart...

          iart....

        possart...

        demart...

np> (D:) + (POD:) + (M:) + H: + (PM:)

        dart... (definite article)

        iart... (indefinite article)

        possart... (possessive article)

        demart... (demonstrative article)

FORM:

definite article

(dart...)

defined formally only by listing (pure form):

the

this is the only member of this part of speech.

ex. the book, the three girls, the funniest clown

FUNCTION:

definite article

(dart...)

Function as DETERMINER (D:) in a noun phrase (np>)

ex. the book, the beautiful flower

MEANING

definite article

(dart...)

When it is the DETERMINER (D:) in a noun phrase (np>); it conveys the idea that the speaker or writer of the sentence thinks that the listerner or reader can identify the particular entity referred to by the HEAD (H:) noun.

F1: I bought the dress!

F2: The one that you and I saw at the mall yesterday?

FORM:

Indefinite article

(iart...)

defined only the listing (pure form):

a/an, some, any

all, each every, either, neither, no

 FUNCTION:

indefinite article

(iart...)

function as DETERMINERS (D:) in a noun phrase (np>)

a new car, some old houses

 MEANING:

Indefinite article

(iart...)

all meaning relate to the HEAD (H:) noun that they determine.  They can be:

1) universal or partitive

                     all new cars vs. some new cars

2) count or noncount

          a new car, some old houses vs.

         some informatin, any rice, some sugar

3) negative

        Neither house is well-kept.  No animals were hurt.

4) nonassertive (in negative or interrogative contexts)

    He doesn't have any cash.  Does she have any cash?

5) countable

Neither (of two) is appropriate.  Either (of two) will do.

FORM:

possessive article

(possart...)

defined formally by listing (pure form):

my, your, her, his, its,

ours, your, their

(comes before the HEAD noun)

(This is a complete list

FUNCTION:

possessive article

(possart...)

Function as DETERMINE (D:) in a noun phrase (np>)

her car, my old hat, their fire engine

MEANING:

possessive article

(possart...)

convey information about case, number, person, and gender

number, person, and gender = same as personal pronouns.

case is always genitive (possessive)

FORM:

demostrative article

(demart...)

defined by listing (pure form):

this, that, these, those

(this is a closed class, so this is a complete list)

FUNCTION:

demostrative article

(demart...)

function as DETERMINER (D:) in a noun phrase (np>)

This book is in the library.

She saw that movie.

MEANING:

demostrative artcle

(demart...)

convey information about

1) number

                    this, that = singular

                    these, those = plural

2) place

                    this, these = near

                    that, those = not so near

np> (D:) + (POD:) + (M:) + H: + (PM:)

                   crdnum...

                   ordnum...

                   genord...

np> (D:) + (POD:) + (M:) + H: + (PM:)

                         ordnum... (cardinal numerals)

                         ordnum... (ordinal numerals)

                         genord...  (general ordinals)

np> (D:) + (POD:) + (M:) + H: + (PM:)

                            adj...

                            n...

np> (D:) + (POD:) + (M:) + H: + (PM:)

                           adj... (adjectives)

                           n... (noun)

np> (D:) + (POD:) + (M:) +H: + (PM:)

                                                             pp>

np> (D:) + (POD:) + (M:) + H:  + (PM:)

                                                         pp>

                                                               prepositional

                                                      phrase 

 FORM:

cardinal numeral

(crdnum...)

defined formally only by listing (pure form):

one, two, three, four, etc.

FUNCTION:

cardinal numerals

(crdnum...)

function as POST DETERMINER (POD:) in a noun phrase np>

the three numbers, his one bad habit,

those thirty students

MEANING

cardinal numerals

(crdnum...)

specify the number of mermbers of the class designated by the HEAD (H:) noun.

 FORM:

ordinal numerals

(ordnum...)

defined formally only listing (pure form):

first, second, thrid, fourth, etc...

FUNCTION:

ordinal numeral

(ordnum...)

Function as POST DETERMINERS (POD:) in a noun phrase (np>)

her third novel, the ninth floor,

in her twenty-first year

MEANING:

ordinal numeral

(ordnum...)

specify the position of the HEAD (H:)

noun in a numbered sequence

FORM:

general ordinal

(genord...)

defined formally only by listing (pure form):

another, other, next, last, past, previous, etc...

FUNCTION:

general ordinal

(genord...)

function as POST DETERMINER (POD:)

in a noun phrase (np>)

the next book, the other flower, another quiz

MEANING:

general ordinal

(genord...)

specify the positon of the HEAD (H:)

noun in an unnumbered sequence.

FORM:

adjective (adj...)

defined formally by listing (pure form):

angry, bad, clear, dark, elegant, fresh, good, etc.

sometimes, last derivational suffix is one that creat adjectives:

-y (watery), -ful (helpful), -less (careless), -en (golden),

-able (breakable), -ous (glorious), -ish (childish),

can have one of two inflectional suffixes that attach to adjectives

-er (angrier, bigger, cuter, darker)

-est (angriest, biggest, cutest, darkest)

FUNCTION:

adjectives

(adj...)

has two functional positions:

1) MODIFIER (M:) in a noun phrase (np>)

the young doctor, a pretty actress

2) HEAD (H:) in an adjective phrase

She was very angry.  He is handsome.

MEANING:

adjectives

(adj...)

Describe qualities of associated nouns, eg.

size (large)

color (blue)

shape (round)

emotional state (angry)

ect.

pp> R:  +  OP

        p...     np>

prepositional phrase> relater + object preposition

                          preposition...   noun phrase....

FORM:

prepositon (p...)

defined formally only by listing (pure form):

at, after, before, by , for, from, in, of, on, to, with...(and many others)

FUNCTION:

prepositonal

(p...)

function as RELATER (R:)

in prepositional phrases (pp>)

at the movies, from the library,

with her best friend

MEANING:

preposition

(p...)

have a variety of concete and abstract relational meanings

   concerete location (at the movies, on the table)

   abstract location (on time)

   direction (to the moon)

   source (from the South)

   ... and many more

FORM:

noun (n...)

defined formally by listing (pure form)

     air, bee, car, dog, egg, food, goat, hat, etc

Last derivational suffix may be one that creates nouns:

    -er in worker, -or in director, -ment in treatment, -ness in happiness,

    -ity in sanity, etc.

may have one of two inflectional suffixes that can attach to nouns:

  1) plural, as in churches, tacks, thumbs, oxen, teeth, fish, etc.

  2) possessive, as in Mary's, Pat's, Tom's, etc...

On rare occasions, both inflectionals suffixes will be present:

  Children's.

 FUNCTION:

noun (n...)

may function as the HEAD (H:) of a noun phrase (np>)

ex. the young doctor, the black cat, some pretty children

may function as MODIEFIER (M:) in noun phrase (np>)

ex. coffee stains, railroad tracks, language teacher

MEANING:

noun (n...)

Typically name

Persons: John, Fatima, worker

Places: Chicago, Disneyland, Library

Things: Door, pen, milk, house

Qualities: redness, strength, responsibility

Actions: resistance arrival

Abstract concepts: idea, truth