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· Sort nouns/verbs into more and less prototypical examples |
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how words are put together |
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subarea of linguistics that deals with word meaning |
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linguistic subarea that deal with word-making and word-marking
· Anything that is added to a word that is not a word itself (adding an s at the end) |
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the sound you make when you pluralize a word |
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perceived by our senses: concrete nouns can be seen/heard/tasted/smelled/touched |
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| Grammarian definition of Abstract & Concrete |
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| If you would use much it is mass (many cars, much time, many birds) |
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| If you use fewer, it’s count |
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| If you use less, it’s noncount (fewer cars, less oil, fewer birds) |
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Names are proper
If you always capitalize, it is proper (Lauren, Ball State University, Salt Lake City) |
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| If it’s pluralized-it’s functioning as a count (birds, iclickers, cars) or if you can use the word many before |
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• Introduce the noun
o Such as quality or quantity
• Specifies the noun |
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• Dimension/shape
• Physical condition
• Age
• Color
• Substance(material)
• Origin |
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| evaluation/dimension/condition/age/color/origin-substance |
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• Articles
• Demonstrative
• Possessive
• Qualifiers |
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o 1st person-I am(present), I was
o 2nd person-You are(present), You were
o 3rd person-He is(present), He was |
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| (Action Verb) ex. I am running |
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| Adjective expressing color |
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| Adjective expressing emotion |
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| Adjective expressing material |
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o Action verbs that act upon something
o What/who did you ____?
o He ____ something/someone |
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o 1st - You
o 2nd – Your
o 3rd – They |
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| (Linking verb) - a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement), such as the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue." he IS upset |
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• Either
o When the verb fits in both slots:
• He ___ something/someone
• He ___ |
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o Transitive
o Intransitive
o Direct Object
o Action Verb
o Linking Verb |
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| Grammatical Functions (Syntax) |
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• Based on syntax
o Subject
• Agent, theme, experiencer
o Direct object
• Patient
o Indirect object
• Refer to the slot between the verb and the direct object
• The semantic role will be described as recipient
o Object of a preposition
• Will refer to the syntactic slot after the preposition
• Recipient
o Copula compliment |
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o Transitive
• Requires subject, verb, and compliment
o Intransitive
• Requires subject and verb
o Complement
• Required (not optional) object
o Activity verb/accomplishment verb/…
o Copula |
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Syntactic
• Prepositional is before a noun phrase
• Preposition cannot be moved behind the noun phrase
Morphological
• There is no morphological information |
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Semantic
• Indicate information about direction, location, or time
Substitution
• A preposition will fit in this sentence: I walked ____ the table
Prepositions connect |
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• Required for grammaticality
o Completes the phrase
• Restrictions on the number and type |
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• Optional
o Narrows down(specifies)
• When more than one, more freely ordered |
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• This is it
• I like this
• That is the best
• It is hot outside
• He complained about it |
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| Semantic Roles (Agent,...) |
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• A way of describing how a participant (or thing) is involved in a situation (which is described by the verb)
o Agent
• The doer of the action
o Theme
• Entity simply present in the situation
o Experiencer
• Animate being that has some sensory, emotional, or psychological experience |
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• The red house on the hill is my favorite
• What is the subject?
o The red house on the hill |
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| Grammatical Functions (Semantics) |
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| o Agent o Theme o Patient • Someone or something that undergoes the action or is affected by the action (described by the verb) o Recipient • Participant who receives something o Beneficiary • Participant who benefits from same action (described by the verb) o Ditransitive • Two complements • Taking both a direct and indirect object o Object of the preposition • Locative The place where the action occurs • Instrument An entity used to fulfill some task |
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| I usually sleep late, he usually sleeps on the couch. they smiled at me |
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| What is the form of transitive sentences? |
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Required- Subject(NP), verb, and compliment(NP)
Optional- anything after such as "at the mall" |
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| What is the form of intransitive sentences? |
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Required- Subject and a verb
Optional- anything else such as "I SLEPT late today" |
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| He VERBED something or someone |
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| link adjective to noun or noun to noun |
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| typically refer to events that aren't concrete or time-stable |
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| typically refer to concrete, time-stable entities |
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