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energy related hormones
cmbm exam II
26
Chemistry
Graduate
12/04/2009

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Term
fructose 2-6 bis-phosphate
Definition
enhances gluconeogenesis and reduces use of glucose in glycolysis
Term
what does phosphodiesterase turn off?
Definition
adenylate cyclase
Term
phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase does what respectively?
Definition
glycogen synthase is activated and glycogen phosphorylase is inactivated, ultimately leading to a rise in blood glucose levels
Term
glucagon mainly regulates receptors on what organ?
Definition
the liver
Term
what effect does fructose 2 6 bisphosphate have on glycogen?
Definition
it encourages its breakdown through allosteric inhibition of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activation of PFK-1, which changes fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6 phosphate
Term
define type 1 diabetes
Definition
cannot create insulin, therefore glucagon is unregulated and high, leading to higher blood glucose levels, increased gluconeogenesis. requires insulin injections
Term
define type 2 diabetes
Definition
usually normal insulin/glucagon levels, but the insulin pathway is blocked. this leads to high blood glucose/cholesterol/fatty acids and low nutrient usage. it is easier for them to gain weight b/c they are insulin resistant as opposed to simply non-producing, (type 1)
Term
which plasma glucose receptors are located on RBCs and the brain respectively? and what blood glucose level to they respond to?
Definition
Glut1 and 2, low blood glucose levels
Term
what receptor is located on adipose/muscle? what blood glucose level does it respond to?
Definition
Glut4,medium level of glucose in the blood, such as during a meal
Term
what plasma glucose receptor is located in the liver? what blood glucose level does it respond to? what else affects the liver's ability to take in blood glucose?
Definition
Glut2, medium to high levels of blood glucose. the amount of glucose converted to glycogen, (hormone dependent)
Term
in the first 12 hours of fasting describe hormone and nutrient levels
Definition
glucose, insulin drop, glucagon rises, not much change in fatty acids
Term
in the first 24 hours describe hormone and nutrient levels
Definition
glucose and insulin continue to drop, glucagon will continue to increase, fatty acids will start to increase as well as ketone bodies
Term
describe hormone and nutrient levels between day 2 and a week
Definition
glucose, insulin, glucagon begin to drop slightly, ketone bodies, fatty acids continue to increase
Term
how are DOPA, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine related? how does this affect the placement of the rate limiting step in the sequence?
Definition
they are all products of the tyrosine pathway. the first step is rate limiting
Term
what stimulates secretion of catecholemines/adrenaline?
Definition
physical exertion, psychological stress, cold temperature
Term
what receptors do catecholemines use?
Definition
beta2 receptors - very similar to glucagon receptors
Term
how do glucagon and epinephrine compare?
Definition
very similar effect on liver
Term
how does the effect of epinephrine of the heart and liver compare?
Definition
in the liver, glycolysis is inhibited, in the heart, glycolysis is activated
Term
what kind of action does cortisol enact and how?
Definition
slow, response to chronic stress, it signals receptor in the cytosol which lead to gene regulation, causing lipolysis, protien degradation, and gluconeogenesis, (immobilizing fat/protein -> glucose)
Term
what hormone does glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol all combine to counteract
Definition
insulin
Term
what is leptin, where does it come from and what does it do?
Definition
peptide hormone, created in adipocyte in proportion to body fat; functions to decrease food intake, (increase satiety), and increase energy expenditure, (increase metabolism)
Term
in reference to leptin what are the OB and DB genes?
Definition
OB (obese) - gene for leptin production, DB (diabetes) gene for leptin receptor
Term
if you knock out the OB gene in a mouse and it gets fat, what will connecting its blood supply to a normal mouse's do?
Definition
the OB mouse should have functioning receptors that respond to the normal mouses leptin, and it should get skinnier
Term
if you have a mouse where you knock out the DB gene, and it gets fat, then hook it up to a normal mouses blood supply, what will happen?
Definition
the fat mouse will stay fat, because it has no receptors, but the leptin it produces will make the normal mouse skinner
Term
what will happen if you connect 2 fat OB and DB gene knocked out mice's blood supplies?
Definition
the DB mouse will stay fat, because it has no receptors, but the OB mouse will get skinnier on the DB mouse's leptin
Term
define orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones and give examples
Definition
orexigenic - appetite stimulating hormones such as ghrelin, (stomach). anorexigenic hormone suppress the appetite, and are PYY, CCK, (intestine), Leptin, (adipose), and Insulin, (pancreas)
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