Term
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Definition
| the total of all energy transformations that occur in the body |
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Term
| ATP (adenosine Triphospate) |
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Definition
| stored chemical energy from food that links the energy-yielding and energy-requiring functions within all cells |
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Term
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Definition
the addition of a phosphate (Pi)
ADP+ Pi+ energy= ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical process of splitting compounds by adding water to them; specifically when ATP is split to release energy |
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Term
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Definition
| linked chemical processes in which a change in one substance causes a direct change in another--like a chain reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| when energy is used to build tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| when energy is produced from the breakdown of foodstuffs and stored so that is available for work |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenine (carbon nitrogen base), Ribose (5-carbon sugar, and Pi (3 phosphates) |
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Term
| ATP content of skeletal muscle at rest |
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Definition
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Term
| The average adult turns over approx. how much ATP daily? |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP is re-synthesized from ADP in what three ways? |
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Definition
| *interaction of ADP with PC, anaerobic respiration in the cell cytoplasm and aerobic respiration in the cell mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| high energy compound stored in muscles; it transfers its phospate to ADP to form ATP leaving creatine behind |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP in a series of reactions that relies heavily on oxygen from the respiratory system but can be aerobic or anaerobic in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| in the absence of or not requiring oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of or requires oxygen to complete |
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Term
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Definition
| fuel substances that are acted on by enzymes for the production of ATP |
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Term
| Brain cells produce energy in which form aerobic or anaerobic? |
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Definition
| aerobically cannot perform anaerobically at all |
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Term
| Can cardiac cells produce energy anaerobically? |
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Definition
| very minimally; then must have oxygen or cell death will occur |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle is the only muscle tissue able to produce energy both aerobically and anaerobically? |
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Definition
| True, it may do so as the situation demands |
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Term
| Important and immediate forms of substrates are: |
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Definition
| glucose, free fatty acids, and amino acids (GLU,FFA,AA) which are derived from fats, carbs(CHO) and protein |
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Term
| Acetyl CoA is the central converting substance in the metabolism of what substrates? |
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Definition
| all three: fats, carbs, and protein |
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Term
| By which process is FFA and AA converted to acetyl CoA? |
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Definition
| Beta-oxidation/transanimation |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of enzyme-mediated chemical reactions that allows energy to be slowly released |
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Term
| List the metabolic pathways: |
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Definition
| Krebs cycle, electron transport system (ETS), and oxidative phosphorylation (OP) |
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Term
| List the energy producing stages of our bodies production of ATP: |
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Definition
| glycolysis, formation of Acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, ETS/OP |
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Term
| Which food nutrient requires the least oxygen to be metabolized |
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Definition
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Term
| How are most of our bodies energy requirements met? |
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Definition
| Through carbohydrate metabolism |
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Term
| What is the only food nutrient that can be used to produce energy anaerobically? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical composition of glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| All Carbs must be broken into what substrate in order to enter the metabolic pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the formula for the oxidation of glucose? |
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Definition
| 1 glucose+ 6 oxygen--> 6 water + 6 carbon dioxide=36 ATP |
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Term
| How is excess glucose stored in the cell? |
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Definition
| as glycogen mainly in the liver and muscle cells and then leftovers from that as fat |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of glycogen from glucose which is a reversible process |
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Term
| What process breaks down (hydrolyzed) stored glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only way ATP is produced anaerobically |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is glycolysis important in the metabolic pathway? |
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Definition
| It prepares glucose to enter the next stage of metabolism by converting glucose to pyruvate |
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Term
| How many stages are there in Carbohydrate cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that accelerates the speed of a chemical reaction and remains unchanged during it |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy pathway responsible for the initial catabolism of glucose in an 10/11 step process |
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Term
| What is produced from aerobic glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| what is produced from anaerobic glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors can affect the efficacy of enzymes |
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Definition
| the substrate concentration, temperature, pH and medications |
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Term
| What happens in stage 1 of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| glucose is converted to pyruvate |
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Term
| What happens in stage 2 of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA |
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Term
| How does Glycolysis begin? |
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Definition
| With the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream from the small intestine or liver |
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Term
| During Glycolysis where is the glucose taken? |
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Definition
| It is transported into the muscle cell |
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Term
| How is the glucose transported to the muscle cells during Glycolysis? |
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Definition
| It is transported across the cell membrane(sarcolemma) via facilitated diffusion utilizing protein carriers down the gradient. |
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Term
| Name the protein carriers responsible for transporting glucose during Glycolysis |
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Definition
| GLUT, glucose transporter carrier proteins |
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Term
| Does glucose transport during Glycolysis require energy? |
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Definition
| No, facilitated diffusion is a passive process that doesn't require energy |
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Term
| Glucose is transported to which three cell types? |
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Definition
| skeletal, muscle, and adipose |
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Term
| When blood glucose levels are stable,and muscles are at rest which carrier protein transports glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are blood glucose/insulin levels likely to be high? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are blood glucose/insulin levels likely to be low? |
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Definition
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Term
| When blood glucose levels are high or low, or if muscles are not at rest, which carrier protein transports glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| By muscle contraction and/or insulin |
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Term
| In skeletal muscle, which of the twitch fibers contain the most GLUT-4 transporters? |
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Definition
| FOG, Type IIA (fast oxidative glycolitic) |
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Term
| In skeletal muscle, which of the twitch fibers contain the second most GLUT-4 proteins? |
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Definition
| SO, Type I (slow oxidative) |
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Term
| In skeletal muscle, which of the twitch fibers contain the least amount of GLUT-4 transporters? |
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Definition
| FG, Type IIx (fast glycolitic) |
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Term
| Where do GLUT-4 transporters exist at? |
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Definition
| intracellularly in small vesicles within the cytoplasm, when activated they move to the cell's surface to serve as portals |
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Term
| Is insulin secretion suppressed during exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does GLUT-4 help during early stages of recovery? |
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Definition
| during the cool down phase, the effects of the muscle contractions allow GLUT-4 to help rebuild depleted glycogen stores |
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Term
| Where does Glycolysis take place? |
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Definition
| within the cell's cytoplasm |
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Term
| All intermediates are phosphorylated compounds except which ones? |
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Definition
| glucose and pyruvate/lactate which are allowed to pass through the cell membrane |
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Term
| Are any phosphate intermediates, ADP or ATP able to pass through the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Glycolysis, if the initial fuel is glycogen how many ATP are used/gained? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Glycolysis, if the initial fuel is glucose, how many ATP are used/gained? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two hydrogen carriers in cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecules are the end product of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| two molecules of pyruvic acid |
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Term
| Is ATP initially required to start Glycolysis? |
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Definition
| ATP is required at Steps 1 and 3. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is coupled with these reactions to transfer phosphate to the molecules at Steps 1 and 3. |
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Term
| Aerobic respiration does or does not require oxygen? |
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Definition
| requires oxygen (O2) in order to generate ATP |
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Term
| where does Pyruvate breakdown occur? |
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Definition
| Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. |
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Term
| what happens during the second stage of pyruvate breakdown? |
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Definition
| The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break strong bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
| what molecule is known as the final electron acceptor? |
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Definition
| The potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor |
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Term
| How is most of the ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration |
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Definition
| Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. |
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Term
| which glucose transporter is insulin regulated? |
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Definition
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Term
| which glucose transporter is non-insulin regulated? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a gain of an (e-)electron and energy; also can mean a loss of O2 or a gain H+; the opposite of oxidation |
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Term
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Definition
| is a gain of O2; also can mean a loss of H+ or a loss of an (e-)electron and energy |
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Term
| The roles of FAD and NAD are similiar to what? |
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Definition
| A taxicab; they serve as transport for the hydrogen atoms that are removed during cellular respiration. The hydrogen are picked up(reduced) and then dropped off (oxidized) at another point. |
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Term
| Mitochondria plays what role? |
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Definition
| the formation of Acetyl CoA, Kreb's cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation take place |
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Term
| what are some features of the Mitochondria? |
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Definition
| It has inner folds called cristae, and center portion called the matrix, its contains its own DNA so that when more ATP is needed to meet work demands it splits in half so it can double its ATP making ability- which is the reason we are able to adapt to more intense exercise training over time. |
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Term
| How and where is pyruvate converted ? |
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Definition
| In stage II in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is mixed with acetic acid and Coenzyme A to make Acetyl CoA |
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Term
| The Krebs cycle is called that because why? |
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Definition
| It starts and ends with the same substance (OAA) oxaloacetic acid |
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Term
| Why is the removal of hydrogen atoms so important in the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
| because they will be carried by NAD/FAD to the electron transport system and their electrons will be used to start the next stage(ETS) |
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Term
| Describe the events in ETS/OP |
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Definition
| H+ is deposited into the mitochondrial matrix and moved via proton pumps from one electron acceptor to another in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions which activates ATP synthase to use this energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP; this process of forming ATP is called (OP) oxidative phosphorylation instead of substrate phosphorylation as in glycolysis/Krebs |
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Term
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Definition
| the name of the molecule (malate) within the cardiac muscle that helps NAD carry H+ from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria where other NAD's pick up & carry the H+ to the ETS |
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Term
| Glycerol-phosphate shuttle |
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Definition
| the name of the molecule (glycerol phosphate) within the skeletal muscle that helps NAD carry H+ from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria where FAD's pick up & carry the H+ to the ETS |
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Term
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Definition
| the common intermediate by which all foodstuffs enter the Krebs cycle and ETS/OP |
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Term
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Definition
| They are large molecules of varying amino acids(20 different types) that all have an amine group (NH2) |
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Term
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Definition
| when the NH2 amino group must be removed from the amino acid and transferred to a keto acid so it can be used as fuel for the metabolic pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| is when glucose is made in the liver from non carb sources like glycerol(from fats), lactate, pyruvate(excess that doesn't go into the Krebs cycle) or alanine(formed from transamination) |
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Term
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Definition
| is when excess NH becomes NH3 which is ammonia and too much is toxic and therefore removed in urea |
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Term
| What are the two forms of Gluconeogenesis? |
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Definition
| Felig cycle ( alanine-glucose) and Cori cycle (pyruvate/lactate-glucose) |
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