Term
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Definition
| aldehydes or ketones with 2 or more hydroxyl groups |
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Term
| If you have "n" chiral centers in a monosaccharide, you will have _____ stereoisomers. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ structure of monosaccharides predominates in aqueous solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 stereoisomeric forms in which cyclic structures can exist? |
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Definition
1. alpha anomer
2. beta anomer |
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Term
| ______ bonds join monosaccharides covalently. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. storage (energy)
2. structural (membrane) |
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Term
| What is the difference between saturated & unsaturated fatty acids? |
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Definition
saturated = no double bones --> pack together better
unsaturated = kinks @ double bonds --> lower melting point |
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Term
| What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 parts to nucleotide structure |
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Definition
1. phosphate (different from nucleoside)
2. pentose
3. purine or pyrimidine base |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living cells |
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Term
| 2 things that limit metabolism |
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Definition
1. types of energy currencies
2. numbers of intermediates that connect pathways |
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Term
| What is the difference between anabolism & catabolism? |
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Definition
anabolism = build up (require energy)
catabolism = break down (release energy) |
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Term
| Is the steady state the same thing as equilibrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 features of metabolic pathways |
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Definition
1. individual reactions must be specific
2. pathway must be thermodynamically favorable
3. irreversible (overall pathway)
4. anabolic & catabolic pathways differ at one or more reactions |
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Term
| How do pathways maintain a steady state? |
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Definition
| all steps in pathway operate at same rate |
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Term
| Do key enzymes in metabolic pathways operate close to or far from equilibrium? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rate of flow of metabolites through metabolic pathway |
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Term
| What determines the net flux through a pathway? |
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Definition
| relative reaction rates of opposing enzymes |
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Term
| How does metabolism allow endergonic reactions to occur? |
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Definition
| exergonic reactions are coupled with endergonic reactions to make the overall sum exergonic |
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Term
| Are energetics within a cell standard? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can ATP act as a free energy donor? |
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Definition
| it has a high free energy of hydrolysis |
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Term
| What about the structure of ATP allows it to be ideally suited for its role as universal donor of energy? |
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Definition
| two terminal phosphoryl groups are linked by phosphoanhydride bonds |
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Term
| 3 ways in which the product of ATP hydrolysis is more thermodynamically favorable than ATP |
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Definition
1. better charge separation of products
2. better solvation of products
3. more favorable resonance stabilization of products |
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Term
| Phosphates can be transferred from compounds with ______ delta G to ______ delta G |
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Definition
| higher (more negative) --> lower (less negative) |
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Term
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Definition
1. ATP
2. reduced electron carriers
3. coenzyme A |
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Term
| Are each of the 3 phosphates on ATP susceptible to nucleophilic attack? |
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Definition
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Term
| NADH/NAD+ is an electron carrier in ______ reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| NADPH/NADP+ is an electron carrier for ______ reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| FADH2/FAD is an electron carrier for ______ reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Coenzyme A is used in ______ reactions. |
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Definition
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