Term
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Definition
| Enzyme-mediated reaction or pathway, can be exergonic or endergonic |
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Term
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Definition
| The charged up main energy for your body uses, consists of a nucleotide bade, 5-carbon sugar, and three phosphate tail |
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Term
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Definition
| The uncharged batter form that has only 2 phosphates on its tail, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nucleotide base |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy reaction that requires energy input |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy reaction that gives off energy |
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Term
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy cannot be created nor destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy |
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Term
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Definition
| As a substrate binds to an active sit, it changes the enzyme's shape to make a better fit and promote chemical change |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of an enzyme where enzyme interacts with its substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactant for a specific enzyme-mediated reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| The end result of a chemical reaction |
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Term
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| In any energy transfer, you wind up with a lower quality energy form |
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Term
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Definition
| The starting ingredients that go into a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| In a reversible reaction, the time at which the reaction is running at the same pace in both directions |
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Term
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Definition
| Any substance formed between the start and conclusion of a pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism that is capable of making its own food |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelle where photosynthesis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of water, Carbon Dioxide and light engery to produce sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| burning fuels without oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Pores in a leaf that allow gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Electron Transport System |
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Definition
| A series of proteins that carry electrons to convert ADP to ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of anearobic respiration that creates alcohol as a waste product |
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Term
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Definition
| type of fermination that occurs in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| First stage of cellular respiration; the breaking of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular breakdown of glucose to release energy |
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Term
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Definition
| first stage of photosynthesis; aka photolysis |
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Term
| Calvin Cycle/ Lt. independent reaction |
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Definition
| second stage of photosynthesis; also called the DARK cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid portion of chloroplasts |
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Term
| ATP/ Adenosine Triphosphate |
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Definition
| chemical in organisms used to store and release energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism NOT capable of making its own food |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigment in plants that collects light engery |
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Term
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Definition
| Coenzyme molecule that accepts electrons in chlorophyll and becomes a charged battery |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that converts ADP to ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Stack of membranes where photosynthesis occurs in chlorplasts |
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Term
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Definition
| type of fermintation that occurs in animals and produces muscle cramps |
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Term
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Definition
| Coenzyme molecule that accepts electrons in chlorophyll and becomes a charged battery |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of reactions where the product of one reaction is used in the next reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Disk in a chloroplast where photosynthesis takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| Stacks of thylakiod disks |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid in the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoids, - Where the calvin cycle takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| the main light harvesting pigment in photosyntheis |
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Term
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Definition
| an accessory pigment that stores up light energy |
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Term
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Definition
| An accessory pigment that stores up light energy, gives the plant different colors besides green |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigments that store light energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The openings in leaves that take in H2O and CO2, and let out O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants that change CO2 into 4-carbon compounds and store up the carbon to be used later in the calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants that change CO2 into a variety of carbon compounds and store up the carbon to be used later in the calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Light excites electrons in photosystem II, electrons are moved to the electron transport chain, electrons in PSII are replaced by splitting water. |
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Term
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Definition
| electrons move down the electron transport chain and lose energy, this energy is used to pump protons inside the thylakoid disk |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosystem I absorbs light an excites electrons. The electrons from photosystem II replace the excited electrons in photosystem I |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosystem I sends excited electron to another electron transport chain and the energy from those electrons are used to make NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
| The protons that were pumped into the thylakoid are used by ATP Synthase to make ATP |
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Term
| Rates of photosynthesis affected by CO2 and water |
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Definition
| as CO2, and H20 levels increase, the rate of photosynthesis increases until it levels off |
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Term
| Rates of photosynthesis affected by Temperature |
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Definition
| as the temperature increases photosynthesis increases until a certain point then photosynthesis drops off |
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Term
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Definition
| CO2 combines with 5-carbon RuBP to make 2 PGA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| PGA molecules combine with ATP and NADPH to make 2 PGAL molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Most PGAL molecules combine with ATP to re-make RuBP, some is used to make sugar |
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Term
| What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis |
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Definition
| CO2 + H2O + light = sugar + O2 |
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Term
| Why do C4 and CAM plants need an alternative method for fixing carbon? |
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Definition
| They are in dry and hot environments so they close their stomata to prevent water loss. Because of the closed stomata, they must store up Carbon to be used later |
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Term
| What are the two energy carring molecules that are made in photosynthesis and are used in the Calvin Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 602 |
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Definition
| Balanced equation for photosynthesis. |
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Term
| C6H12O6 + 602 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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Definition
| Balanced equation for cell respiration. |
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Term
| During cell respiration, what is both produced and measured? |
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Definition
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Term
| During photosynthesis, what is both consumed and measured? |
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Definition
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Term
| The effects of cell respiration can be studied when leaves are in the _____. |
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Definition
| Dark (while there is no photosynthesis uptake of carbon dioxide). |
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Term
| During the light, which reaction(s) are occuring? |
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Definition
| Both photosynthesis and cell respiration. |
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Term
| Which reaction is carried out at all times? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does photosynthesis occur? |
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Definition
| When green plant cells are exposed to LIGHT. |
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Term
| How do we find cell respiration? |
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Definition
| Total in light - total in dark. |
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Term
| How is the presence of photosynthesis tested? |
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Definition
| INDIRECTLY by using IKI Test for starch. |
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Term
| The presence of starch identified by IKI is an indirect indicator of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosynthesis requires which type of Chlorophyll? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does photosynthesis require Chlorophyll A? |
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Definition
| Green areas of leaf contain Chlor. A and that is where most photo occurs/starch is found. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Anthocyanin is water soluble because ______. |
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Definition
| Red pigment can be removed by boiling water. |
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Term
| Do white areas on leaves have pigment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pigments makes up the brick color in a Coleus leaf? |
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Definition
| Both anthocyanin and Chlorophyll. |
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Term
| Is Chlorophyll water soluble like Anthocyanin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will remove the green color in a Coleus leaf? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main photosynthetic pigment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the antenna pigments? |
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Definition
| Chorophyll B, carotenes and xanthophylls. |
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Term
| What is the technique to separate a mixture of solutes in same solution? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does solvent move up on paper during paper chromotography? |
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Definition
| By capillary action (adhesion + cohesion). |
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Term
| Why do pigments move at different rates during paper chromotography? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the absorption spectrum plot? |
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Definition
| Wavelength of light (nm) vs. absorption |
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Term
| On an absorption spectrum plot, which axis is the Wavelength of light? |
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Definition
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Term
| On an absorption spectrum plot, which axis is the absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| What machine is used to measure absorption spectrum? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is pigment extracted from chromotography strips? |
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Definition
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Term
| On spectrophotometer, it is set to 100% only for ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the color range associated with the wavelengths 400 - 700 nanometers (nm)? |
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Definition
| Color range of violet through red. |
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Term
| The visible colors from shortest to longest wavelength. |
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Definition
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Term
| The visible colors from longest to shortest wavelength. |
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Definition
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Term
| During photosynthesis, what color light is NOT absorbed and is reflected back? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the order of pigments from furthest to nearest. |
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Definition
| Carotene, xanthophylls, chlorophyll a, lastly chlorophyll b. |
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Term
| Why do leaves change color in autumn? |
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Definition
| Because pigments are replaced in PLASTIDS. |
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Term
| Which color lights are best for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do plants change carbon dioxide molecules into? |
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Definition
| Organic molecules (PGAL). |
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Term
| What are the components that plants must have in order to complete photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll A, ETS, and antenna pigments. |
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Term
| What is the first stage of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| Light dependent reaction. |
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Term
| Light dependent reactions are powered by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| During Light dependent reaction, what is the splitting of water called? |
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Definition
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Term
| During Light dependent reaction, what is given off from photolysis? |
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Definition
| Oxygen gas and hydrogens. |
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Term
| What are the two most important products during light dependent reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the light dependent reaction take place? |
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Definition
| In the Thylakoid Membrane (specific part of chloroplast) |
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Term
| What is the second stage of Photosynthesis called? |
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Definition
| Light independent reaction / Dark Cycle. |
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Term
| What compound does the light independent reaction / dark cycle start and end with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important result during Light independent reaction / dark cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is carbon fixation so important? |
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Definition
| It is used to form PGAL molecules. |
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Term
| What are PGAL molecules used to make? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the Light Independent Reaction / Dark Cycle occur? |
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Definition
| In the stroma (of chloroplast). |
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Term
| When NADP accepts an electron, we say that is has been __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosynthesis is what type of reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Other than photosynthetic organsims, the only autotrophs are ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Over the life of the plant, would it photosynthesize more or respire more? |
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Definition
| Respire...cell respiration occurs 24 hours a day. |
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Term
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Definition
| converting solar energy into chemical energy |
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Term
| what is a oxidation reduction reaction |
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Definition
| transferring of electrons from one molecule to the next |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| energy is absorbed( photosynthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| electron taxis, transfer energy of electrons from one molecule to another |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP- temporary energy storage in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| proton pumped across a membrane low to high....when gradient breaks protons rush down the concentration gradient and across ATP synthase, providing energy for the addition of a phosphate group make ADP become APT |
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Term
| photosynthesis chemical equation |
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Definition
| 6CO2+ 6H2O+ sunlight--> 6C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| where photosynthesis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| liquid matrix that fills the thylakoids like cytoplasm fills the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secondary pigment reflects green |
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Term
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Definition
| accessory/ antenna pigments (not green) orange, red, yellow, brown( FALL) |
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Term
| function of pigment in photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| how are pigments arranged |
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Definition
| in groups called photosystems in the thylakoid membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in the thylakoid membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| solar energy from the sun is absorbed by chlorophyll A |
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Term
| what happens when the sun is absorbed in light reaction |
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Definition
| the electrons get super excited and leave and go to a higher energy level |
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Term
| what happens when the excited electrons go to a higher energy level in a light reaction in photosystem 2 |
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Definition
| The electrons leave chlorophyll A and are passed along an electron transport chain which provides energy to pump protons into the thylakoid for chemiosmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| it means that water was split by the excited electrons and gas is released as a product |
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Term
| what happens when to the electrons lost in phosotsytem 2 |
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Definition
| they are replaced by electrons in water |
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Term
| what happens to the protons released in the splitting of water in photosystem 2 |
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Definition
| they are used for chemiosmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll |
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Term
| what happens in photosystem 1? |
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Definition
| excited electrons enter an electron transport chain, where they then join with a proton and picked up by NADP and then formed into NADPH |
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Term
| how are electrons replaced in phosotystem 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| products of light reactions |
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Definition
| NADPH and ATP....used in calvin cycle |
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Term
| what happens when the excited electrons go to a higher energy level in a light reaction |
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Definition
| The electrons leave chlorophyll A and are passed along an electron transport chain which provides energy to pump protons into the thylakoid for chemiosmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| it means that water was split by the excited electrons and gas is released as a product |
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Term
| what happens when to the electrons lost in phosotsytem 2 |
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Definition
| they are replaced by electrons in water |
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Term
| what happens to the protons released in the splitting of water in photosystem 2 |
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Definition
| they are used for chemiosmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll |
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Term
| what happens in photosystem 1? |
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Definition
| excited electrons enter an electron transport chain, where they then join with a proton and picked up by NADP and then formed into NADPH |
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Term
| how are electrons replaced in phosotystem 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| products of light reactions |
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Definition
| NADPH and ATP....used in calvin cycle |
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Term
| what happens to the carbon that diffuses into the stoma |
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Definition
| its is picked up by 5 other carbon called RUBP by action of enzyme called RUBISCO and is then split into 2 3-carbon comopund |
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Term
| what is it called when ATP and NADPH and these 3- carbon compounds form glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| another name for calvin cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| why cant all 6 molecules be released into glucose? |
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Definition
| 5 must be remade into RUBP |
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Term
| alternate pathways live where? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do alternate pathway plants conserve water? |
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Definition
| they close their stoma for the hottest part of the day |
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Term
| why can a plant closing their stoma be a bad thing? |
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Definition
| CO2 cant get in and O2 cant get out causing enzymes to change shape and stop photosynthesis |
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Term
| what are the differences in C3, C4, and CAM |
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Definition
| entail products of calvin cycle |
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Term
| how long will intensity in photosynthesis increase? |
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Definition
| as long as light energy increase so will the rate of photosynthesis, until reaches 99 degrease F then photosynthesis will stop |
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Term
| what happens to the carbon that diffuses into the stoma |
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Definition
| its is picked up by 5 other carbon called RUBP by action of enzyme called RUBISCO and is then split into 2 3-carbon comopund |
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Term
| what is it called when ATP and NADPH and these 3- carbon compounds form glucose |
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Definition
|
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Term
| another name for calvin cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| why cant all 6 molecules be released into glucose? |
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Definition
| 5 must be remade into RUBP |
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Term
| alternate pathways live where? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how do alternate pathway plants conserve water? |
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Definition
| they close their stoma for the hottest part of the day |
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Term
| why can a plant closing their stoma be a bad thing? |
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Definition
| CO2 cant get in and O2 cant get out causing enzymes to change shape and stop photosynthesis |
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Term
| what are the differences in C3, C4, and CAM |
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Definition
| entail products of calvin cycle |
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Term
| how long will intensity in photosynthesis increase? |
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Definition
| as long as light energy increase so will the rate of photosynthesis, until reaches 99 degrease F then photosynthesis will stop |
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Term
| what happens to the carbon that diffuses into the stoma |
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Definition
| its is picked up by 5 other carbon called RUBP by action of enzyme called RUBISCO and is then split into 2 3-carbon comopund |
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Term
| what is it called when ATP and NADPH and these 3- carbon compounds form glucose |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| another name for calvin cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why cant all 6 molecules be released into glucose? |
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Definition
| 5 must be remade into RUBP |
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|
Term
| alternate pathways live where? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how do alternate pathway plants conserve water? |
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Definition
| they close their stoma for the hottest part of the day |
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|
Term
| why can a plant closing their stoma be a bad thing? |
|
Definition
| CO2 cant get in and O2 cant get out causing enzymes to change shape and stop photosynthesis |
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|
Term
| what are the differences in C3, C4, and CAM |
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Definition
| entail products of calvin cycle |
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|
Term
| how long will intensity in photosynthesis increase? |
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Definition
| as long as light energy increase so will the rate of photosynthesis, until reaches 99 degrease F then photosynthesis will stop |
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