Term
| ATP cycle ( P. 75, draw it) |
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Definition
| Energy that has been released in exergonic reactions ( like glucose breakdown) is used to make ATP from ADP. It bonds a phosphate group to ADP, thus making ATP. the making of ATP is considered endergonic. It is then available for endergonic reactions, and broken down by hydrolysis. The result? ADP and P/ the cycle begins again. |
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Term
| Energy of Activation ( Ea) |
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Definition
| The energy barrier that must be overcome |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein molecule that increase the rate of a reaction, without itself being changed. it lowers the "Ea" barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific reactant that an enzyme acts on is a substrate of the enzyme. ( like substrate lactose and the enzyme lactase) |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific part that the substrate fits into. |
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Term
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Definition
| The substrate binds to the enzyme, and the active site hugs the substrate more tightly. |
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Term
| Factors that affect the effectiveness of enzymes |
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Definition
| High temperature, Salt concentration, pH. Enzymes must have " cofactors" too. |
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Term
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Definition
| A non protein helper of the enzyme. It may be zinc, iron, if it is inorganic. If organic, it's a " co enzyme" ( like vitamin). |
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Term
| Competitive enzyme inhibitor |
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Definition
| Resembles the normal substrate, thus competing for the active site. Only way to fix is by increasing the substrate molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to the enzyme somewhere else, and changes the shape of the active site so the substrate no longer fits. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metabolic reaction gets blocked by its own product, thus controlling for too much activity. One of the most important metabolism regulators. |
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Term
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Definition
| It allows some stuff to cross more easily than others. |
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Term
| The Membrane is composed of.. |
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Definition
| Phospholipids, somewhat like fat molecules. The head is hydrophiliac and the tail, hydrophobic. The tail end is on the inner part of the membrane, while the head is attracted to both outer surfaces of the membrane. |
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Term
| What makes membranes selectively permeable? |
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Definition
| The hydrophobic interior only allows non-polar, hydrophobic, (and soluble in lipids) molecules past it. Polar molecules and ions may NOT cross. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way to describe the structure of the membrane. It is fluid because its protein can drift laterally. |
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Term
| Stuff on the Fluid Mosaic |
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Definition
| Fibers of the extracellular matrix, Glycoprotein, Proteins, Glycolipid,Cholesterol and Carbohydrate of the glycoprotein. |
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Term
| Receptor ( in the membrane) |
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Definition
| Receives a chemical message from other cells. It has a shape that fits the shape of a specific messenger, often triggering a chain reaction. The chain reaction is SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion across a membrane, doing so across its " concentration gradient". Ex: O2 in our lungs enters red blood cells via passive transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transport protein helps a substance to move down its concentration gradient. It is still passive transport because it doesn't need energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The diffusion of H20 molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. h20 crosses the membrane until there are equal solute concentrations. The solute has h20 molecules bonded to it, and there are also " free" h20 molecules too. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of a cell to lose or gain water |
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Term
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Definition
| Same solute concentration inside and out of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| a solution with a solute concentration LOWER than that of the cell. For an animal cell, if it has extra salt in it, it will attract more water and then swell and probably lyse ( burst). A plant cell simply becomes turgid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution with a higher solute concentration than that of the cell. An animal cell will lose water, shrivel. Same with a plant cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The control of water balance in an animal cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| While a plant cell is shriveling from losing water, the membrane pulls away from the cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell must use energy to move molecules across a membrane, AGAINST its concentration gradient |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a cell takes in particles by forming vesicles around them |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular eating, via a vacuole forming around food and then fusing with a lysosome to digest it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease where a baby has twice than normal the amount of cholesterol ( LDL) in the blood. Normally we use receptor mediated endocytosis to take in cholesterol from the blood. |
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Term
| Cellular Respiration- usual meaning and scientific meaning |
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Definition
| an exchange of gases like take in 02 and give out C02. Also, it is the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells. |
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Term
The equation of Cellular Respiration ( draw) ( p91)
___+ 6___->->-> 6__ + 6__ + __ |
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Definition
| Glucose + 6 Oxygen ->->-> 6 C02 + 6 H20 + ATP |
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Term
Glucose's molecular formula
_6_12_6 |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP can Cellular Respiration produce? |
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Definition
| 38 ATP's per one glucose, which is about 40% of the energy in glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of electrons from one molecules to another. " oxidation reduction reaction". |
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