Term
| What is the relationship btw the pituitary and the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus is at the base of the brain and the pituitary is outside the CSF above the palate. From Hypothalamus to pituitary: by vascular stalk to anterior and neuronal tract to posterior. Hormones of the POSTERIOR are secreted in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary for release. Secretion of Hormones of the ANTERIOR are controlled by seven REL/IHI Hormones from the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| What embroyonic tissue gives rise the the Anterior Pituitary (and Rathke's Pouch)? |
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Definition
| ORAL TISSUE (The Pharynx and the Neural Ridge) |
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Term
| What embroynic tissues give rise to the posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| BRAIN TISSUE (The ventral diencephalon) |
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Term
| Name the six cell types of the anterior pituitary: TCMSLG |
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Definition
| Thyrocytes, Corticotropes, Melanotropes, Somatotropes, Lactotropes, Gonadotropes |
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Term
| What do Thyrocytes produce? |
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Definition
| Thyroid hormones for metabolism |
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Term
| What do Corticotropes produce? |
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Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) which becomes Glucocorticoids in the adrenal gland |
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Term
| What do Melanotropes produce? |
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Definition
| Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Alpha (pigment formation, feeding regulation) |
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Term
| What do Somatotropes produce? |
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Definition
| Growth hormone for cell proliferation. |
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Term
| What do Lactotropes produce? |
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Definition
| Prolactin (milk production, uterine contractions) |
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Term
| What do Gonadotropes make? |
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Definition
| Lutenizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone. (LH and FSH) |
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Term
| What is the target of ACTH and what are the responses to it? |
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Definition
| Adrenal cortex: increases Glucocorticoids, aldosterones and mineral corticoids; helps maintain BP and blood glucose levels, Stress Hormone |
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Term
| What is the target of Growth Hormone and what is the response to it? |
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Definition
| Liver, Body Cells: ↑ Somatostatins, ↑ Lipolysis/Glycogenolysis, ↑ protein synthesis, BLOCKS INSULIN, childhood growth (fat distribution, muscle and bone mass) |
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Term
| What is the target of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone? What is the response to it? |
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Definition
| THYROID GLAND: ↑: T3/T4, O2 consumption, Metabolism, Regulated metabolism/E/Growth/Nervous system activity. Necessary for survival |
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Term
| What is the target of Prolactin? What is the response to it? |
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Definition
| Breasts: milk production, mammary gland dev, sex hormone levels in M&W |
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Term
| What is the target of LH/FSH (Gonadotrophins)? What is the reponse? |
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Definition
| Ovaries/Testes: Sperm/Ova dev, Estrogen/Progesterone in Women and Testosterone in men. |
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Term
| What is the target of Oxytocin? Where is it produced? What is the Response? |
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Definition
| Mammary Glands, Uterus (POSTERIOR PITUITARY): Milk Letdown, Uterine Contraction, Maternal/Social bonding, involved in separation anxiety |
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Term
| What is the target of ADH (Vasopressin)? Where is it produced? What is the response? |
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Definition
| Kidney tubules: ↑ Fluid Retention, Regulates Water Balance |
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Term
| What are the two hormones of the POSTERIOR pituitary? |
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Definition
| ADH (Vasoression), Oxytocin |
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Term
| What are the BINDING PROTEINS [GLOBULINS] and what are their significance? |
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Definition
| Albumin (ALL steroid/lipid sol. hormones), Thyroid-binding globulin, Sex-Hormone binding globulin, Corticosteroid-binding globulin. Hormones BOUND to proteins cannot stimulate cells. Certain hormones can interfere with the normal conc. of unbound hormones in the blood stream. |
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Term
| Almost all pituitary hormones are controlled by a NEGATIVE feedback loop to and from all levels except for: |
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Definition
| Oxytocin, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary which in turn increases uterine contractions. |
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Term
| STRESS is the biggest stimulator of the HPA Axis. Name the hormones in the HPA (Hypothalamic-->Pituitary-->Adrenal) Axis: |
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Definition
| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)-->Corticotropin (ACTH)-->Cortisol/Androgens |
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Term
| What is secreted by the adrenal CORTEX (the outside of the adrenal gland)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is secreted by the Medulla of the adrenal gland? (The inside of the adrenal gland) |
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Definition
| Epinephrine/Norepinephrine |
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Term
| The Hippocampus has CRH and Cortisol receptors. There is ______ control from the HIPPOCAMPUS to the HYPOTHALAMUS. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the effects of moderate doses of CRH? Large Doses? |
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Definition
Mod: increases arousal/decreases exploration
HI: can induce PTSD! |
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Term
| What are the effects of ACTH on central behavior? |
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Definition
| Improves attention and learning in response to negative reinforcement (active/passive avoidance learning.) |
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Term
| What are the CNS effects of HI levels of Glucocorticoids? |
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Definition
| CNS irritability and labile moods. |
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Term
| Hormone secretion can be changed by external env. or by drugs. What are the effects of beta blockers? Insulin (Hypoglycemia)/exercise? Hyperglycemia? Extreme heat/cold? |
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Definition
- Beta Blockers: ↑GH
- Insulin/Hypoglcemia/exercise: ↑GH and ↑ACTH
- Hyperglycemia: ↓ GH
- Extreme Heat/Cold: ↑ Thyroid |
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Term
| What are DIRECT EFFECTS on receptors by hormones? |
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Definition
| the hormone itself causes the effect (eg Insulin, prolactin) |
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Term
| What is meant by PERMISSIVE effects r/t the action of hormones on target cells? |
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Definition
| Permissive hormones increase the # of receptors which increase the effect of another hormone. |
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Term
| GOOD sleep is critical to healing because GH is secreted during stages __ & __ of slow wave sleep. |
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Definition
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Term
| ACTH is associated with circadian rhythms and doesn't shift with day to day changes in sleep patterns. Secretion is ___ during early hrs of sleep and peaks in the ____. Majority of secretion is associated with ---- sleep. |
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Definition
| Lowest during EARLY hrs of sleep and peaks in the MORNING. REM sleep secretions. |
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Term
| Prolactin begins to ____ after sleep, peaking throughout the night and levels ___ after awakening. |
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Definition
| RISE after sleep, drop after awakening. |
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Term
| TSH secretions are ____ by sleep. Thyroid medication should be taken in the evening. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are hormones released by the adrenal glands. |
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Definition
| Catecholamines (epi and NE) |
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Term
| Two major stress systems are controlled by the Hypothalamus: control of _____ secretions by the adrenal cortex and ____ by the adrenal medulla. |
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Definition
| Corisol from cortex and epi/NE by medulla. |
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Term
| The _____ nervous system also influences the stress response by stimulating the release of epi/NE by the adrenal medulla. |
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Definition
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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