Term
| What releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of TRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target tissue of TRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of TRH? |
|
Definition
| stimulates secretion of TSH and PL |
|
|
Term
| What are the stimulating variables of TRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the inhibiting variables of TRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What secretes corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of CRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target tissue of CRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of CRH? |
|
Definition
| stimulates secretion of ACTH |
|
|
Term
| What secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of GnRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target tissue of GnRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of GnRH? |
|
Definition
| stimulates release of LH and FSH |
|
|
Term
| What secretes somatostatin (SS)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of SS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target tissue of SS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of SS? |
|
Definition
| inhibits secretions of GH and all tropins |
|
|
Term
| What secretes dopamine (aka Prolactin inhibiting factor or PIF)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target tissue of dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of dopamine? |
|
Definition
| inhibit secretion of prolactin |
|
|
Term
| What secretes growth hormone releasing factor (GHRH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of GHRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target tissue of GHRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of GHRH? |
|
Definition
| stimulates secretion of GH |
|
|
Term
| What secretes oxytocin (OT)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of OT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of OT? |
|
Definition
| mammary epithelial cells, uterine SM |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of OT? |
|
Definition
| stimulates milk ejection by myoepithelial cells and utering smooth muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
| What are the stimulating variables of OT? |
|
Definition
| neural stimulation of hypothalamus by dilation of cervix; also, suckling |
|
|
Term
| What are the inhibiting variables of OT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What secretes vasopressin/ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of ADH? |
|
Definition
| principal cells of collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of ADH? |
|
Definition
| stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of CDs and constriction of arterioles |
|
|
Term
| What are the stimulating variables of ADH? |
|
Definition
| neural stimulation of hypothalamus by decrease in blood volume, increase in plasma osmolarity |
|
|
Term
| What are the inhibiting variables of ADH? |
|
Definition
| increase in blood volume, decrease in plasma osmolarity |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of ADH? |
|
Definition
| cAMP induced translocation of Aquaporin 2, allowing reabsorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of GH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of GH? |
|
Definition
| most body cells, especially muscle, liver, cartilage, and bone growth plates |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of GH? |
|
Definition
| stimulates protein synthesis (and DNA and RNA) and overall growth (body mass, tallness, long bones); increased lipolysis and FFAs; impairs glucose uptake (anti-insulin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased GHRH and decreased SS; deep sleep; hypoglycemia; acute stress; potentiated by T3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased GHRH, increased SS< decreased IGF-1, no sleep, Rx with GH |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of GH? |
|
Definition
| Possibly through liver and increased IGF-1, or direct effects plus IGF-1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of prolactin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissues does prolactin affect? |
|
Definition
| mammary glands and testes |
|
|
Term
| What does prolactin do to the mammary glands? |
|
Definition
| stimulates milk production and secretion |
|
|
Term
| What does prolactin do to the testes? |
|
Definition
| potentiate LH and testosterone actions |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates prolactin? |
|
Definition
| decreased dopamine, increased TRH, suckling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased dopamine, dopamine agonist Rx, stop nursing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of ACTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of ACTH? Be specific. |
|
Definition
| adrenal cortex (zone fasciculata) |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of ACTH? |
|
Definition
| stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, aldosterone); trophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased CRH and stress; biological clock (diurnal rhythm); decreased cortisol or removal of adrenals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased CRH and stress; biological clock; increased cortisol; Rx with synthetic GCs |
|
|
Term
| What secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of FSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of FSH? |
|
Definition
| testes (Sertoli cells) and ovaries (granulosa cells) |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of FSH in testes? |
|
Definition
| stimulates germ maturation and androgen binding protein synthesis in Sertoli cells of testes; gonadotrophic; initiate puberty |
|
|
Term
| What are the stimulating variables for FSH on the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits FSH on the testes? |
|
Definition
| decreased GnRH, increased inhibin from Sertoli cells; increased androgens from Leydig cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of FSH on the ovaries? |
|
Definition
| follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries; gonadotrophic; initiate puberty |
|
|
Term
| What are the stimulating variables of FSH on ovaries? |
|
Definition
| increased GnRH, rising estrogen concentration, menopause |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits FSH on the ovaries? |
|
Definition
| decreased GnRH, increased inhibin from granulosa cells, increased androgens from thecal cells, very high P (luteal phase), pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What secretes luteinizing hormone (LH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of LH? |
|
Definition
| testes (Leydig cells) and ovaries (thecal cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does LH act on the testes? |
|
Definition
| stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; gonadotrophic |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates LH on the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits LH on the testes? |
|
Definition
| decreased GnRH, increased androgen production in Leydig cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of LH on ovaries? |
|
Definition
| ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone on ovaries; gonadotrophic |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates LH on ovaries? |
|
Definition
| increased GnRH, rising estrogen concentration, menopause |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits LH on ovaries? |
|
Definition
| decreased GnRH, increased androgen production in thecal cells, low estrogen or low E + moderate P, very high P (luteal phase), pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of TSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target tissue of TSH? |
|
Definition
| thyroid glands (cells lining follicles filled with colloid) |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of TSH? |
|
Definition
| stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, thyrotrophic, increase thyroid blood flow and iodide trapping |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of TSH? |
|
Definition
| G protein surface receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased TRH, decreased T4 and T3, low iodine diets, removal of thyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreasd TRH, increased T4 or T3, SS, Rx with TH, pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do, in general? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does PTH do specifically? |
|
Definition
| increases plasma Ca, protect against hypocalcemia, increase bone resorption, increase Ca permeability of osteocytes, increase Ca reabsorption in DCT, decrease P reabsorption in PCT (phosphaturic hormone), activate Vit D in PCT, acute treatment increase bone formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease of ECF ionized calcium concentration (below 9.5) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of PTH? |
|
Definition
| Stimulation actually decreases degration rate of basal PTH, increasing its concentraiton |
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of PTH? |
|
Definition
| osteoclasts and osteocytes, kidney tubules, indirect effects of Vit D on intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of PTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of vitamin D (calcitriol)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of Vit D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of Vit D? |
|
Definition
| increase Ca and P absorption in gut, increase Ca and P flux into and out of bone by increasing upatke by osteocytes and transport by osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PTH release causes activation in kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased ECF ionized calcium concentration (above 9.5), FGF23, increased calcidiol in the liver |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of calcitonin (CT)? |
|
Definition
| weak effet in adults, decreases plasma Ca and P (tones down…) |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates calcitonin? |
|
Definition
| increased ECF ionized Ca concentration |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits calcitonin? |
|
Definition
| decreased ECF ionized Ca concentration |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of Fibroblast Growth factor 23 (FGF23)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of FGF23? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of FGF23? |
|
Definition
| decrease PTH secretion, decrease activation of Vit D, increase renale Ca and P excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased ECF ionized Ca concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased ECF ionized Ca concentration |
|
|
Term
| What secretes thyroid hormone (T4 or active form T3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| CNS, mitochondria of most cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| stimulates development of CNS, increases metabolic function of most cells (except pituitary) by binding mitochondria, can activate futile cycles, permisive with Epi, NE, and glucagon to incrase lipolysis |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| increased serum iodide, increased T3/T4, increased dopamine or SS; decreased TSH (and indirectly T3), PTU, CIO4, SCN |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| nuclear receptors (Retinoid X), gene transcription regulation |
|
|
Term
| What secretes adlosterone? |
|
Definition
| adrenal cortex, glomerulosa |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions o aldosterone? |
|
Definition
| conserve body Na, ECFV and BP, retains Na in exchange for K and H |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates aldosterone? |
|
Definition
| increased K, increased renin-angiotensin, decreased Na, increased ACTH has small effect |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits aldosterone? |
|
Definition
| decreased K or renin-angiotensin, increased Na |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenal cortex, fasciculata |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of cortisol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of cortisol? |
|
Definition
| liver, peripheral, growth, CNS, heart, Kidney, Rx |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of cortisol on liver? |
|
Definition
| permissively increase AA uptake, AA catabolism by deamination and transamination, use of carbon skeletons for gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis, glycogen synthesis, liver growth, synthesis of key rate-limiting enzymes that control metabolite flow, increase liver response (permissive) to glucagon, Epi, and NE, increase synthesis of GNG enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions on peripheral tissues from cortisol? |
|
Definition
| generally catabolic, net loss of protein by decreasing synthesis, increased AA supply, inhibits glucose and AA uptake into cells (insulin resistance), inhibits gucose utilization, permissively enhances lipolysis, increase glycerol release for GNG |
|
|
Term
| What are the major action on growth from cortisol? |
|
Definition
| physiological levels necessary for growth, excess inhibits, excess decreases Ca absorption in bone and long growth |
|
|
Term
| What are cortisol's effects on CNS? |
|
Definition
| enhances brain excitability |
|
|
Term
| What are cortisol's major actions on the heart? |
|
Definition
| maintains vascular reactdivity to catecholamines, maintains BP, anti-shock |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of cortisol on kidneys? |
|
Definition
| increases GFR, side effect of Rx increases urine output |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of cortisol when given as treatment? |
|
Definition
| anti-inflammatory by stabilizing lysosome membranes, decrease capillary permeability and T cell suppression, anti-allergic |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates cortisol? |
|
Definition
| increased ACTH, body clock, total amount increased by estrogen and pregnancy (increase synthesis of CBG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased ACTH, body clock |
|
|
Term
| Other than from sex organs, from where can androgens be secreted? |
|
Definition
| adrenal cortex, reticularis (weak androgens) |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of androgens from zona reticularis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From where is epinephrine secreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of epinephrine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of epinephrine? |
|
Definition
| heart, CNS, liver, pancreas, general, GI, lungs, eyes, skin, skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Epi on the heart? |
|
Definition
| increase heart rate, CO, decrease TPR (thus small change in MAP) |
|
|
Term
| What are the effect sof Epi on CNS? |
|
Definition
| increases mental alertness, decreases neural threshold for activity (RAS) creates fear and anxiety, allows more glucose utilization for CNS |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Epi on liver? |
|
Definition
| increases liver glycogenolysis and GNG, decreases glycogen synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of Epi on pancreas? |
|
Definition
| decrease pancreatic insulin secretion and plasma concentration |
|
|
Term
| What are the general effects of Epi on body? |
|
Definition
| increases glucose use for rain by increasing lipolysis and metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Epi on GI? |
|
Definition
| decrease motility and blood flow, increase sphincter tone |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of epi on lungs? |
|
Definition
| relax smooth muscle, bronchiodilation, increase air flow |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Epi on eyes? |
|
Definition
| contract radial msucles and dilate pupils |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Epi on skin? |
|
Definition
| decrease blood flow, increase sweat gland activity |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of skeletal muscle by Epi? |
|
Definition
| increase tension generation, increase neuromuscular transmission, decrease fatiguability, vasodilation via B2 receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic stimulation of adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| What secretes norepinephrine (NE)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of NE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of NE? |
|
Definition
| general, heart, adipose, skeletal muscle, liver |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of NE on general body? |
|
Definition
| overal same effects as Epi |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of NE on heart? |
|
Definition
| increase TPR, increase BP, decrease HR and CO |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of NE on adipose? |
|
Definition
| activate HSL to increase FFAs for energy production |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of NE on skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction via alpha receptor |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of NE on liver? |
|
Definition
| increase glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and GNG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released by sympathetic stimulation of local nerve endings small amounts released by medulla |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of estrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissues does estrogen target? |
|
Definition
| ovaries, genital tract, anterior pituitary, general, mammary glands, skin |
|
|
Term
| How does estrogen affect the ovaries? |
|
Definition
| growth and hormonal secretion of ovaries and follicles |
|
|
Term
| how does estrogen affect the genital tract? |
|
Definition
| growth SM and epi, motility, and cilia of oviduct; proliferative (and folliclular) phase, increased myometrial growth and contractility, increased endometrial growth, gland and blood supply, induces progesterone receptors in endometrium, production of thin, water cervical mucus, increased epi and lubrication of vagina, growth of external F genitalia, loss of E and P initates menstruation |
|
|
Term
| How does estrogen affect the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| negative and positive feedback of GnRH, FSH, LH (low E inhibits LH, rising E triggers LH surge, very high E inhibits LH, low E + moderate P most effective BC), increases pituitary size by stiulating lactotroph growth, increase PL secretion (but block milk synthesis) |
|
|
Term
| How does estrogen affect the body generally? |
|
Definition
| female body configuration (wider hips, fat placement), closes epiphyseal plates (but work with GH to stimulate long growth before that), anti-osteoporotic, increase HDL/LDL ratio |
|
|
Term
| How does estrogen affect the mammary glands? |
|
Definition
| growth, branching of ducts, increased fat deposition, nipple growth and darkening |
|
|
Term
| How does estrogen affect the skin? |
|
Definition
| decreases wrinkling, increases collagen content, increases water content |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates estrogen? |
|
Definition
| increased FSH and LH, CL rescue by hCG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased FSH and LH, failure of CL menopause |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of progesterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of progesterone? |
|
Definition
| uterus, endometrium, pituitary, mammary glands, general |
|
|
Term
| What are the affects of progesterone on the uterus? |
|
Definition
| inhibits smooth muscle contraction, decreases motility, antagonizes estrogen's increase in motility (by decreasing E receptors), decreases sensitivty to OT, production of thick, sticky cervical mucus |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates progesterone? |
|
Definition
| ovulation and corpus luteum formation, corpus luteum rescue by hCG, placental growth and production |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits progesterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of progesterone on endometrium? |
|
Definition
| stimulate secretion of glands (preparing for implantation), loss of E and P initates menstruation, secretory (luteal) phase |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of progesterone on pituitary? |
|
Definition
| inhibit FSH and LH (esp with low E), raises BBT post-ovulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of progesterone on mammary glands? |
|
Definition
| stimulates gland growth, inhibits PRL or hPL milk synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the general effects of progesterone? |
|
Definition
| vasodilation which lowers TPR, maintaining constant MAP despite a rise in cardiac output during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male and female gonads (Sertoli, granulosa) |
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of inhibin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of inhibin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of hCG? |
|
Definition
| LH-like activity, rescues CL, maintains secretions of E and P (until placenta can secrete its own), indirectly maintains function of uterine endometrium, increased testosterone levels in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of fetal-chorionic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted throughout pregnancy but lower after 8 weeks (hPL takes over here mostly) |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of hMG? |
|
Definition
| FSH-like activity; also some LH activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of human placental lactogen (hPL)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target tissue of hPL? |
|
Definition
| mammary glands, other tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of hPL? |
|
Definition
| milk secretion (synthesis inhibited by E), GH-like "anti-insulin" activity slows maternal glucose uptake and utilization, allows baby to use glucose (mom uses fatty acids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of placenta past 2 months |
|
|
Term
| What is the target issue of testicular determining factor (TDF)? |
|
Definition
| developing primary gonads |
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of TDF? |
|
Definition
| convert primary gonads into testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of Y chromosome (SRY gene) in embryo |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of testosterone from Leydig cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target tissue of testosterone? |
|
Definition
| developing fetus, pubescent tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of testosterone in the developing fetus? |
|
Definition
| development of male duct system, accessory glands and external genitalia (paracrine early in pregnancy) |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates testosterone in developing fetus? |
|
Definition
| maternal hCG in first half of pregnancy, fetal LH in second half |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits testosterone in developing fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of testosterone in pubescent tissues? |
|
Definition
| male pubertal changes like penile and testicular growth, epiphyseal closure, voice deepening, maintain size and function of seminal vesicles and prostate, stimulate spermatogenesis with FSH, stimulate protein synthesis and long bone growth, enhance libido, negative feedback of LH and FSH in high doses, stimulate thick skin secretion leading to acne, stimulate public/axillary/facial hair growth, increase erythropoiesis to increase Hct in males |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates testosterone in pubescent tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits testosterone in pubescent tissues? |
|
Definition
| negative feedback of testosterone on LH release and GnRH |
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS, from Sertoli cells)? |
|
Definition
| developing Mllerian ducts in male embryo |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of mIS? |
|
Definition
| regressino of Mullerian ducts and progression of Woliffian ducts and internal male genitalia, paracrine |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of dihydroxytestosterone (DHT)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target tissues of DHT? |
|
Definition
| fetal tissues, pubertal prostate, pubic hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| What are the major actions of DHT? |
|
Definition
| necessary for fetal development of prostate, urethra, glans, shaft of penis, scrotum; pubertal growth of prostate and hair, acne |
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Term
| What are the target tissuse of inhibin from Sertoli cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major action of inhibin from sertoli cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulates inhibin from Sertoli cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical nature of insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the target tissues of insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased plasma glucose and Aas, increased GI hormones, increased Ach from para, decreased SNS and Epi, glucagon (directly and indirectly by increasing glucose) |
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Term
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Definition
| somatostatin (SS), Epi and NE from SNS |
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Term
| What are the major actions of insulin on liver? |
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Definition
| major storage hormone, promotes synthesis of storage protein, glycogen, and TGs, anti-catabolic actions (inhibit s protein degradation, glycogenolysis, GNG, esp. lipolysis), decreases release of glucose, increases TG synthesis, decreases VLDL synthesis (increases hepatic TG stores), increase hepatic enzyme synthesis, decrease ketogenesis, increase glycolysis and Kreb's) |
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Term
| What are the major actions of insulin on muscle? |
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Definition
| increase glucose and AA uptake, increase protein synthesis, increase synthesis of LPL to extract Fas (used preferentially for energy), inhibit release of Aas |
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Term
| What are the major actions of insuliin on adipose? |
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Definition
| increase glucose uptake, FA synthesis, increase glycerol phosphate synthesis, increase LPL synthesis, large increase in TG synthesis, decrease lipolysis (deactivates hormone sensitive lipase) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical nature of glucagon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the target tissues of glucagon? |
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Definition
| liver only (at physiological doses), liver enzymes |
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Term
| What stimulates glucagon? |
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Definition
| decreased plasma glucose, increased plasma Aas, icreased Ach from para, icnrased Epi and NE from SNS |
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Term
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Definition
| increased plasma glucose, insulin, somatostatin |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of glucagon? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does glucagon act on liver at physiological doses? |
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Definition
| fast-acting and short duration, increases glycogenolysis, AA uptake, and GNG; increases glucose production and secretion, increases plasma glucose |
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Term
| How does glucagon act on liver enzymes? |
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Definition
| increased glycogen phosphorylase activity (activates glycogenolysis), decreased glycogen synthease activity, decreased formation of G-2,6 BP (which decreases PFK and glycolysis and increases F-1,6-BP which stimulates GNG), decreased pyruvate kinase activity (decreasing conversion of PEP to pyruvate to acetyl coA), decreases acetyl coA carboxylase activity (decreases LCFA synthesis and increase LCFA oxidation), increases PEP carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase synthesis (increased GNG) |
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