Term
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Definition
| Pineal, Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes |
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Definition
| Ducts, extracellular effects (food digestion) |
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Definition
| Ductless,intracellular effects (cell metabolism) |
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Definition
Produces 6 hormones to regulate Anterior Pituitary (TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, PIH, Somatostatin).
Release 2 hormones into capillaries to Posterior Pituitary when hypothalamic neurons are stimulated (OT and ADH). |
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Definition
Adenohypophysis
2 Parts: Anterior lobe and pars tuberalis
Linked to hypothalamus by hypophyseal portal system, connected by portal venules.
Hypothalamic hormones regulate adenohypophysis cells. |
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Definition
Neurohypophysis
3 Parts: median eminence, infundibulum, posterior lobe (parnervosa).
Not a gland, but nerve tissue.
Nerves travel down Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to posterior lobe. Hypothalamic neurons secrete hormones that are stored in neurohypophysis until release in blood. |
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Term
| Anterior Pituitary Hormones |
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Definition
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Thryoid Stimulating Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Prolactin, Growth Hormone. |
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Definition
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
secretion of ovary sex hormones, develops ovarian follicles, sperm production. |
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Definition
Luteinizing Hormone
Stimulates ovulation, the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, and testes to secrete testosterone. |
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Definition
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Secretion of Thyroid Hormone |
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Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
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Definition
Prolactin
Stimulates mammary gland to synthesize milk, enhances testerone secretion by testes |
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Definition
Growth Hormone
Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation.
Induces liver to produce growth stimulants: Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I) or somatomedins (IGF-II). These increased action/longevity of GH, increases protein synthesis, lipid & carbohydrate metabolism, electrolyte balance. |
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Definition
Antidiuretic Hormone (vasopressin)
Increases water retention-reducing urine volume and prevents dehydration |
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Definition
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions and propulsion of semen, satisfaction and emotional bonding, labor contractions during childbirth, flow of milk during lactation, mother-infant bonding. |
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Definition
Absent in adult, Produces melanocyte stimulating hormone in animals influencing pigmentation of skin, hair or feathers.
Remnant cells in adult anterior lobe- produce POMC (proopiomelanocortin) |
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Term
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Definition
Hypothalamic and Cerebral control.
release and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuroendocrine reflexes- hormone released in response to nervous system signals, higher brain centers. |
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Term
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Definition
| 24 hour circadian rhythms, synthesizes melatonin from serotonin during the night. May regulate time of puberty in humans. Undergoes involution around age 7. |
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Term
| Seasonal Affective Disorder |
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Definition
| Winter or Northern Climate mood changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes Thymopoietin, Thymosin, Thymulin which stimulate the development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T Lymphocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
Largest Endocrine Organ.
Thyroid follicles- contain protein rich colloid and follicular cells (simple cuboidal epithelium).
Secretes thyroxine(T4) and triiodothyronine(T3-active form)- which increase metbolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production, appetite, growth hormone secretion, alertness, quicker reflexes.
Parafollicular cells- secrete calcitonin with rising blood calcium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Embedded on Thyroid gland and secrete Parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood Ca levels (promoting synthesis of calcitriol, increasing absorption of calcium and bone resorption, decreasing urinary excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low: Rickets, osteomalacia, muscular pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholesterol Derived: made by gonads and adrenal glands. |
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Definition
Endocrine Gland and Sympathetic Ganglion.
Composed of Chromaffin cells (mod sympathetic postganglionic neurons).
Release catcholamines (epinephrine and NE)
Increases alertness and prepares for physical activity (blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, pulmonary flow and metabolic rate. Slows digestion and urine production). |
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Definition
Produces >25 hormones called Corticosteroids/corticoids.
3 Layers: Zona glomerulosa, faciculata, reticularis. |
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Definition
Mineralocorticoids
Regulate electrolyte balance, Aldosterone stimulates Na retention and K excretion. |
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Definition
Glucocorticoids
Regulate metabolism of glucose and other fuels. Cortisol stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of fatty acids and glucose in blood. |
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Definition
Sex Steroids
Androgens- sets libido and prenatal male development.
Estradiol- important after menopause for sustaining adult bone mass, Fat converts androgens into estrogen. |
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Definition
Exocrine and Endocrine (pancreatic islets/Islets of Langerhans)
Insulin (beta), Glucagon (alpha), Somatostatin (delta), Pancreatic polypeptide (PP or F cells), Gastrin(G cells). |
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Definition
| Insulin- secreted during and after a meal to stimulate cells to absorb nutrients and store or metabolize them lowering blood glucose levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucagon- released between meals when bloos glucose falls. Stimulates gluconeogensis, glucogenolysis and release of glucose in the liver. Stimulates fat catabolism and release of free fatty acids |
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Definition
| Somatostatin- suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin, inhibits nutrient digestion and absorption thus prolonging absorption. |
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Term
| Pancreatic Peptide - PP or F cells |
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Definition
| Inhibits gallbladder contraction and secretion pancreatic digestive enzymes. |
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Definition
| Stimulates stomach acid secretion, motility and emptying. |
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Term
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Definition
Raise Blood glucose concentration
glucagon, GH, Epinephrine, NE, Cortisol and Corticosterone |
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Definition
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Definition
Ovaries and testes
Endocrine and Exocrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Estradiol, progesterone and inhibin |
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Term
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Definition
| Testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin. |
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Definition
| keratinocytes convert a cholesterol-like steroid into cholecalciferol using UV from sun |
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Definition
Converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol
Secretes angiotensinogen (precurser to angiotensin II- a regulator of blood pressure).
Secretes 15% of erythropoietin
Hepcidin- promotes intestinal absoption of iron.
Source of IGF-I that controls action of GH |
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Definition
Converts calcidiol to calcitriol(active form of vitamin D) and increases Ca absorption by intestine and inhibits loss in the urine.
Secrete renin that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
Produces 85% of erythropoietin. |
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Term
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Definition
Secretes Atrial and brain natrisuretic peptides in response to an increase in blood pressure.
Decreases blood volume and blood pressure by increasing Na and H2O output by kidneys, lowers blood pressure. |
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Term
| Stomach and Small Intestine |
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Definition
| Coordinates digestive motility and glandular secretion (cholecystokinin, gastrin, Ghrelin, & peptide YY) |
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Term
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Definition
| Osteocalcin - increases number of pancreatic beta cells, output of insulin and its sensitivity. Inhibits weight gain and onset of Type 2 diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholesterol, secreted by gonads and adrenal glands (estrogen, prgesterone, testosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, DHEA, calcitriol) |
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Term
| Peptides and Glycoprotiens |
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Definition
| AA's, secreted by pituitary and hypothalamus (OT, ADH, releasing and inhibiting hormones, anterior pituitary hormones) |
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Term
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Definition
| AA's, secreted by adrenal, pineal, and thyroid glands (Epinephrine, NE, Melatonin, and thyroid hormone) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolic Clearance Rate (MCR) |
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Definition
Rate of hormone removal from the blood.
Faster the MCR, the shorter the halflife |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| Consistant way the body reacts to stress, involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
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Term
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Definition
| Norepinephrine from sympathetic nervous system and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. Prepares for fight or flight, stored glycogen is consumed, increases aldosterone and angiotensin levels (raising raise blood pressure, promotes sodium and water conservation). |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides alternate fuels for metabolism, dominated by cortisol, hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone, pituitary secretes an increase in ACTH (promotes breakdown of fat and protein, for gluconeogensis), Cortisol has glucose-sparing effect (inhibits protein synthesis leasving free AA's for gluconeogensis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Over months, fat reserves are gone and homeostasis is overwhelmed. Protein breakdown and muscle wasting... |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulates nerby cells
Histamine (relaxation of blood vessel smooth muscle), Nitric Oxide (vasodilation), Somatostatin (inhibit secretion of alpha and beta cells), catecholamines (diffuse from adrenal medulla to cortex). |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cortisol and Corticosterone (Steroidal inti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDS) blocks release arachidonic acid from plasma membrane and inhibits synthesis of eicosandoids)
Aspirin, Ibuprofin, celecoxib (Celebrex)
(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) COX inhibitors cycooxygenase, dont effect lipoxygenase or leukitriene production) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate hormone release - tumor or lesion destroys gland or inferes with its ability to receive signals from another gland. (diabetes insipidus, chronic polyuria) |
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Term
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Definition
Excessive Hormone Release
Tumors or autoimmune disorder (pheochromocytoma- tumor of adrenal medulla secretes excessive epinephrine and NE) (toxic goiter/graves disease- autoantibodies mimic effect of TSH on thyroid causing thyroid hypersecretion) |
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Term
Pituitary Disorders
Hypersecretion of GH |
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Definition
Acromegaly-thickening of bones and soft tissue in adults
Gigantism (hypersecretion in childhood) and Dwarfism (hyposecretion) |
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Term
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Definition
Congenital Hypothyroidism- decreased TH
Myxedema- decreased TH, adult hypothyroidism
Goiter- pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland (endemic- dietary iodine deficiency, no TH, no feedback, increased TSH stimulates hypertrphy; Toxic/Graves disease- autoantibodies mimic effect of TSH causing throid hypersecretion) |
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Term
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Definition
Hypoparathyroidism- rapid decline in blood calcium level
Hyperparathyroidism- excess PTH secretion (tumor)- soft , fragile and deformed bones, Ca and Phosphorous blood levels increase, promotes renal calculi formation. |
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Term
Adrenal Disorders
Adrenogenital Syndrome (AGS) |
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Definition
| Adrenal androgen hypersecretion, enlargement of external sexual organs in children and early onset of puberty, masculinizing effects on women |
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Term
Adrenal Disorders
Cushing Syndrome |
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Definition
Excess Cortisol Secretion
Hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, edema, rapid muscle and bone loss due to protein catabolism, abnormal fat deposition (moon face, buffalo hump) |
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Term
Adrenal Diseases
Addisons Disease |
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Definition
| Hyposecretion of Aldosterone-adrenal insufficiency |
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms |
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Definition
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
revealed by elevated blood glucose, glucose and ketones in the urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rare, insulin dependent, autoantibodies attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Common, Insulin resistance, weight loss and exercise because muscle and fat interrupt regulation |
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