Term
|
Definition
Osteoprotegrin
Similar structure of RANK, but needed to block osteoblasts from binding to osteoclasts by binding to RANKL receptors on osteoblasts
secreted as negative feedback by osteoblasts to stop stimulating osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
macrophage colony stimulating factor
needed to stimulate osteoclasts for activation by osteoblasts
secreted by osteoblasts
activates stem cell colonies of osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ligand of RANK
binding ligand on osteoblasts for RANK to bind from osteoclasts
usually attached to osteoblasts in normal form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer layer of bone - hard - site of osteoblasts and osteocytes - site of calcium phosphate pooling and bone fluid - concentric rings form around blood vessels - "Cortical Bone" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone layer between compact bone and marrow - more fibrous, porous - more nonstructured appearance - "chicken wire" or "spongy bone" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone formation - building up of bone layers - more osteoblasts performing than osteoclasts in the bone remodeling process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
signal recognition particle
required to bind to pre sequence and stop ribosome from translating protein in the cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "signal peptide" - first set of 15-30 hydrophobic amino acids that signal for a sequence to be exocytoted from the cell via translation through the pathway of the ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embedded in ER membrane - receptor for SRP that allows docking of the ribosome to the ER wall |
|
|
Term
| SRP + receptor dissociation |
|
Definition
| Once the pore in the ER has opened and the ribosome and peptide have attached to the pore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that cleaves the signal peptide in the lumen of the rough ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicle containing protein ready for exocytosis from the cell - often contains active protein, cleaved PRO sequences and enzymes responsible for the cleavage |
|
|
Term
| signal for exocytotic release of sec. granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
After PRE, before actual active peptide
Used for very short peptides as a way to add length to the peptide sequence during translation
usually cleaved in secretory granule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proteolytic enzymes that hydrolyze the peptide bond between the PRO sequence and the active peptide
In secretory granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Placental Lactogen (PL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leuteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hollow spaces of brain filled with cerebral fluid
4 ventricles during brain development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specialized collections of cell bodies in the hypothalamus of the brain; centers for different hormone production activities to regulate the pituitary gland
named based on proximity to other brain structures - individual nuclei not named for function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior, posterior and intermidiate (for some mammalian species) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Infendibulum"; "Neurohypophysis"; extension of neuronal tissue of the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Adenohypophysis"; developmentally begins as Rathke's pouch as an outcropping of the roof of the mouth - eventually breaks off to settle in proximity to posterior lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Turk's sattle" - outcropping of bone that encases the pituitary gland (except at connection to the brain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| base of hypothalamus: sometimes considered the outer layer of the hypothalamus or the top of the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stock of pituitary; "pars nervosa"; "infendibular pituitary" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior stock; wraps around the infendibular stock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infendibular stock + pars tuberalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bulb of anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate lobe; most mammals (not humans) have this lobe well differentiated |
|
|
Term
| Hypophysiotropic Hormones |
|
Definition
| releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus that travel through blood to control anterior pituitary activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect in the peripheral endocrine gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect is in the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect is in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus - TRH - Anterior Pituitary - TSH - Thyroid - T3/T4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of chemical coordination of bodily functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical non-nutrient (non fat) substances that are very effective at low concentrations (.000001 to .000000000001) and is released by one cell to act on another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Situation in which the parent cell produces a hormone to act on itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situation in which the parent cell produces a hormone to act on a cell directly adjacent to the parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situation in which the parent cell produces a hormone that is exocytoted and released into the blood stream to act on a target cell at some other location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of cells that have a specialized secretory function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ex. sweat, saliva, tear, digestive; basic pore structure, but the lumen of the structure is external, in that it runs continuously with external surfaces of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developmentally like the exocrine glands, except lose connection to extrenal surface and envelope into the body; also known as ductless glands; highly vascularized for easy access of hormones to the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) |
|
Definition
Plasma - in blood vessels
Interstitial Fluid - in all non blood vessel areas of the body where fluid is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vessels used to transport hormones from the median eminence to the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TSH - produced by anterior pituitary to trigger the thyroid gland to produce T3/T4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone produced by the hypothalamus to stimulate thyrotropin in the thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T3
Thyronine
3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T4
Thyroxine
3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodothyronine
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reverse T3
3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine
(Biologically Inactive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of follicles in a thyroid gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gelatinous filling of thyroid follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large protein dimer responsible for making up most of the colloid of the thyroid gland; site for T3/T4 formation (and other variants) |
|
|
Term
| Iodide delivered through follicular cells of thyroid via a _____ iodide transporter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes thyroglobulin? |
|
Definition
| What is follicular cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thyroid peroxidase
enzyme responsible for iodination of tyrosine residues to create MIT, DIT; also responsible for catalyzing the coupling reaction of rings to make T3 T4 (little to none RT3) |
|
|
Term
| Location of T3 and T4 after actions of thyroid peroxidase |
|
Definition
| inactive and bound to thyroglobulin until signalled for release |
|
|
Term
| Reaction of thyroid gland to TSH |
|
Definition
| Apical surface of follicular cells endocytotes globulin chunks into the cell for breakdown by proteolytic enzymes of the lysosome and release of T3/T4 from the thyroglobulin to be diffused out of the cell and into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Fate of MIT/DIT after TSH stimulation |
|
Definition
| iodine is taken off MIT/DIT and individual tyrosine amino acids are reused for T3/T4 and thyroglobulin production, respectively. |
|
|
Term
| major thyroid hormone product of thyroglobulin breakdown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormone of greater binding affinity to TH receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common "prohormone" of T3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme responsible for turning T4 into T3 via its action to take off on iodine from the 3' location of T4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important enzyme for the degradation pathway of thyroid hormone; acts on the 3 carbon site (on the inner ring) to turn T4 into the biologically inactive molecule, Reverse T3 |
|
|
Term
| Type I Outer Ring Deiodinase |
|
Definition
| (in liver, kidneys and thyroid gland) enzyme responsible for reaction of T4 to T3 for production of most T3 existing in blood |
|
|
Term
| Type II Outer Ring Deiodinase |
|
Definition
| (in the ER of target tissues) outer ring deiodinase enzyme that turns T4 into T3 for target tissues |
|
|
Term
| Ratio of T4:T3 in target cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Method of T4 and T3 transport in the blood |
|
Definition
| attached to thyroxine binding protein(/globulin) |
|
|
Term
| % of bound T3 and T4 to thyroxine binding globulin in blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| method of bonding between T3 and TBG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroxine Binding Globulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantages of Hormone-Binding Protein complex |
|
Definition
1. Decreased clearance of small hormone from the blood
2. Increased half life of hormones in blood
3. Prevention of hormone filtration through the glomerular filtration barrier
4. Prevention of direct enzyme attack on hormone
5. Increased hormone solubility in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disadvantage of H-BP complex |
|
Definition
| Hormones can only leave the blood if they are not bound |
|
|
Term
| H-BP <=> H + BP regulation |
|
Definition
| shifts eq to the right as free H leaves the bloodstream (= more free H in bloodstream to compensate) |
|
|
Term
| Role of TH on the Nervous System |
|
Definition
| wakefulness; increase in axon myelination; stimulates neuronal growth and branching; must be present for neuronal migration/brain architecture to develop, especially before birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases GH secretion (via expression of GHRH in humans; stimulates GH gene directly in mice); |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone |
|
|
Term
| TH Role in Intermediate Metabolism |
|
Definition
| increases allocation of substrates that can be used for energy; maintains levels of many different enzymes in metabolic pathways; increased protein turnover; increase lipid turnover; increase glucose uptake in intestine; increase glucose turnover; potentiates affects of other hormones for gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid hormone effect to generally produce more heat in the body |
|
|
Term
| Method of heat production via TH |
|
Definition
1. Promote fuel cycles
2. Increase number of mitochondria/associative enzymes of cells
3. Increase K/Na ATPase expression in plasma membrane
4. Increase leak of K and Na into and out of cells
5. Increase expression of calcium ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells
6. Increase expression of uncoupling protein 1 (thermogenins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme of inner mitochondrial membrane that opens proton channels of the membrane in order to decouple the action of ATP synthase by relieving the proton concentration gradient across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Effect of TH hormones on E and NE |
|
Definition
| increases sensitivity of target cells to epinephrine and norepinephrine by stimulating expression of Beta-adrenergic receptors and synthesis of G-proteins for E and NE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRH sequence configuration during translation |
|
Definition
| signal peptide + six sets of TRH peptides with pro hormone sequences in between for elongation |
|
|
Term
| Significance of TSH glycosylation |
|
Definition
| greatly increases half life of hormone and is necessary for hormone to have an effect on signal transduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative feedback targets of T3 and T4 |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus and thyrotropes |
|
|
Term
| Effect of cold on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis |
|
Definition
| positive feedback - stimulates production |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis inhibitor (outside of system) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal thyroid conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too little thyroid hormone for a given physiologic condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too much thyroid hormone for a physiologic condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enlarged thyroid gland
result of overstimulation of TSH |
|
|
Term
HYPERTHYROID OR HYPOTHYROIDISM?
cold intolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
increase in body weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
increased appetite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
mental sluggishness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
fatigue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
heart rate decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
decreased reflex speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
increase in plasma cholesterol concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothyroidism due to insufficient amounts of iodine in diet |
|
|
Term
| Congenital Hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
| hypothyroidism due to a cause unrelated to insufficient iodine in diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common form of hypothyroidism in the US
autoimmune disease that leads to thyroid particles being destroyed |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
heat intolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
weight loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
quick metabolic turnover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
jittery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
muscle loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTH OR HYPOTH?
rapid heart rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism that produces antibodies to act on TSH receptors of the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
overrides T3/T4 inhibition to stimulate more production of T3/T4 so that these are always present in the blood
binds to eyeball socket to physically push eyeball out of socket |
|
|
Term
| treatments to hyperthyroidism (3) |
|
Definition
1) drug therapy to suppress T3/T4 expression
2) injection of radioactively labeled iodine + T4 supplement
3) Thyroid ectomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| much higher levels for women, especially in third trimester |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that attach phosphates to substrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that remove phosphates from substrates |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of cell receptors |
|
Definition
| noncovalent, detachable, very tight affinity, specific binding site for substrate, lipid and water soluble components to become transmembrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell that expresses receptors for a given hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G-protein coupled serpentine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G-protein coupled serpentine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzyme responsible for catalyzing cAMP from ATP
regulated by Gs and Gi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated by cAMP to regulate other enzymes and ion channels of the cell by phosphorylation; mechanism part of the signal transduction process for stimulation of serpentine receptor connected to Gs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits activity of adenylyl cyclase; acts in competition with Gs in the same cell to control activity of adenylyl cyclase and thus signal transduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| target enzyme (analogous to adenylyl cyclase) of Gq: acts on phospholipids of cell membrane (PiP2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phosphoinositol 4,5-biphosphate
acted on by phospholipase C-beta |
|
|
Term
phospholipase C-beta
Phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate ------------> ? + ? |
|
Definition
DAG and IP3
(diacylglycerol + 1,4,5-triphosphate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphophate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary messenger for Gq |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| site of Ca++ release in Gq signal transduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regulatory molecule of Ca++ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conditions for activation of PKC |
|
Definition
| DAG in presence of high [Ca++] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein Kinase C
activated in the Gq signal transduction pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme responsible for the breakdown of cAMP to 5'AMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone/receptor complex that has been phosphorylated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Estrogen Receptor (inside cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| androgen receptor (inside cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progestin Receptor (inside cell) |
|
|
Term
| most common role of intracellular hormone/receptor complexes |
|
Definition
| transcription factor for gene regulation/expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that regulates a specific region of DNA by binding to its regulatory gene sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA nucleotide sequence to which hormone receptor binds |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear receptor super family |
|
Definition
| intracellular receptor family with a single chain polypeptide, one DNA binding domain range, one hormone binding domain (specific - often to entire class of hormones) |
|
|
Term
| Human Thyroid Hormone Receptors (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Site of expression of Beta-2 thyroid hormone receptor |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus and anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Function of thyroid hormone receptor complex |
|
Definition
| 1. acts on target cell to increase the expression of certain genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid hormone receptor for internal binding for gene regulation |
|
|
Term
| Function of thyroid hormone receptor complex |
|
Definition
| 1. acts on target cell to increase the expression of certain genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
retinoic acid
associated with T3R during formation of a transcription complex with T3/T4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nutrient proteins
for thyroid hormone complex, bind to complex of of T3R homodimer and/or T3R+RXR to recruit histone de-acetylases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removes acetyl groups from histone proteins to make chromatin very compact until TH binds |
|
|
Term
| Effect of T3/T4 on corepressor/histone deacetylase/T3r homodimer complex |
|
Definition
| conformational change causes corepressors to let go of site; recruits coactivators to recruit histone acetylases to attach acetyl groups to histones and loosen grip on DNA |
|
|
Term
| Speed of effect for internal hormone receptor complexes |
|
Definition
| slow in comparison to signal transduction pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound that binds to a hormone's receptor and causes a response that is quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that of the hormone itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound that binds to a hormone's receptor and blocks its activity (includes allosteric effects) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high affinity interaction = |
|
Definition
| SMALL Kd value .....(LARGE Ka value) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [Hormone] at which 50% of receptors are occupied by the hormone |
|
|
Term
| Average Kd values for hormones in circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total cellular concentration of receptor |
|
|
Term
| line plot of [HR] on x axis and [HR]/[H] on the y axis |
|
Definition
| straight negative association line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic-Anterior Pituitary-GH axis |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus - GHRH (stimulates GH) + somatostatin (inhibits GH secretion) - AP - GH - Liver+ other tissues - IGF1 - positive feedback to hypothalamus + negative feedback to AP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulin-like growth factor 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % GH bound to binding protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peptide- length 7000 aa
structure very similar to insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that make cartilidge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collagen + sulfated polysaccarhides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osteoid impregnated with calcium phosphate crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major component of bone made of collagen + other proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| role of osteoclast in bone formation |
|
Definition
| creates a highly acidic environment to digest calcified cartilidge, dissolve hydroxyapatite and endocytose the remains |
|
|
Term
| role of osteoblasts after osteoclasts have done their work to dissolve cartilidge |
|
Definition
| lays down osteoid and stimulates precipitation of hydroxyapatite |
|
|
Term
| Similar actions of IGF1 and GH |
|
Definition
- stimulate chondrocyte hypertrophy
- increase osteoblast activity |
|
|
Term
| Differences between IGF1 and GH actions on bone |
|
Definition
GH
- stimulates synthesis of IGF1 and IGF1 receptor in chondrocytes
- increases gluconeogenesis
- stimulates differentiation/prolif of progenitor chondrocytes
IGF3
- stimulates differentiation/prolif of chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Effect of hypothyroidism on GH and IGF1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of hypothyroidism on chondrocyte activity |
|
Definition
| decreased, in severe cases columnar organization of these cells is disordered; results in random bone thickening instead of directional growth |
|
|
Term
| life phase when epiphyseal plate cartilidge disappears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of puberty on chondrocytes |
|
Definition
| stem cell chondrocyte population disappears; fianl cells develop and cease division |
|
|
Term
| GH and protein metabolism |
|
Definition
- ^ aa uptake
- ^ RNA trascription and protein translation
- decrease protein breakdown
- net increase in protein (growth and wound healing) |
|
|
Term
| GH and carbohydrate metabolism |
|
Definition
- ^ gluconeogenesis
- decrease glucose utilization
- increase insulin resistence from cells
- generally counters effects of insulin in have net increase in carbohydrate storage and build up in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- ^ lipid breakdown (via hormone sensitive lipolysis)
- allows high lipid concentrations in blood for body to use and glucose in blood to be saved for brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serpentine Gs; 44 amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serpentine G..; 14 amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulsatile - burst of release as synchronized with circadian rythym |
|
|
