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Endocrinology UTPA
Endocrinology UTPA
68
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Undergraduate 4
09/13/2012

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Term
Compensatory hypertrophy
Definition
An increase in the size of an organ to compensate functionally for the activity of the other lost organ.
Term
Hormone
Definition
greek “I arouse to activity” or “I excite”
Term
Endocrinology
Definition
the study of the ductless glands or tissues and their hormonal products
Term
Comparative endocrinology
Definition
information obtained in basic endocrine research with animals, cell and tissues derived from animals has lead to a great majority of clinical advances in human endocrinology.
Term
Endocrine Gland
Definition
composed of a prominent mass (parenchyma) of secretory cells, innervated by connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves
Term
Exocrine glands
Definition
secrete into ducts leading into the lumen of other organs, or outside the animal
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
the source of a large number of hormones- originally thought to be the master gland
Term
Chemical messengers
Definition
any substance produced by a cell of endogenous or exogenous origin that plays a physiological role in the control of the activity of another cell
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
a neurochemical that acts transynaptically.
Term
Hormone
Definition
uses the general circulation or specialized vascular system, to regulate another cell.
Term
Neurohormone
Definition
a hormone produced by a nerve cell –GHRH
Term
Neuropeptide
Definition
can be a neurohormone or neurotransmitter that is peptidergic (more that one amino acid)
Term
Non-peptidergic neurotransmitter
Definition
any non-peptidergic neurotransmitter: acetylcholine, histamine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
Term
Neuromodulator
Definition
a neurochemical that modulates the response of a neuron to a neurotransmitter or hormone, also
exert slower more sustained actions on neurons and enhance or inhibit the response of neurons to neurotransmitters
Term
Growth factors
Definition
mitogenic peptides, act locally EGF,NGF,IGF-I
Term
Pheromones
Definition
chemical messengers released to the exterior of one animal to stimulate a response in another member of the same species
Term
Lumones
Definition
chemical messengers released into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract- gastrin
Term
Chalones
Definition
cellular mitotic inhibitors
Term
Somatostatin
Definition
(SST)- released from neurons in the brain and pituitary to regulate the release of growth hormone (GH)
Term
Peptide Hormones
Definition
hormones comprised of amino acids- can be as few as 3 (TRH) and as many as 180 or more
Term
Thyroid hormones
Definition
derived from the precursor amino acid tyrosine and requires iodine
Term
Steroid Hormones
Definition
all produced from a common precursor, cholesterol, by steroidogenic cells of the adrenal cortex and gonads.
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
are enzymatically modified amino acids synthesized by neurons and usually released into the synaptic cleft
Term
Neuropeptides
Definition
can function as neurohormones, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
Term
Growth Factors
Definition
a number of peptides of diverse origin possessing cellular growth-regulating activity- act locally
Term
Eicosanoids
Definition
are a class or hormones that are fatty acid derivatives
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
synthesized from arachidonic acid within the membranes of cells
Term
Pheromones
Definition
are hormones that is released from one animal that causes a relatively specific behavior modification in a recipient animal following chemoreception.
Term
Electrolytes/amino acids
Definition
can act to stimulate the release of hormones –Ca, glucose, arginine, glutamate
Term
Steroid Hormones
Definition
are not synthesized through the expression of specific genes, they all come from cholesterol which is primarily available from fats ingested in the diet.
Term
Thyroid Hormones
Definition
synthesized in follicular cells of the thyroid and require thyroglobulin, iodine to produce T3 and T4
Term
Hormone secretion can be ______ or ______
Definition
regulated or constitutive
Term
Regulated
Definition
hormone containing granules are stored within the cell and can be rapidly released by a Ca-dependent exocytosis
Term
Constitutive
Definition
steroid and thyroid hormones are minimally stored in fat droplets in a cell and the rate of release is based on the rate of synthesis
Term
Secretion of one hormone is often controlled by _________
Definition
the actions of another
Term
Trophic
Definition
a hormone that releases another hormone
Term
circadian
Definition
24hr
Term
ultradian
Definition
shorter than 24hr
Term
Ethanol effects on star is _______
Definition
direct
Term
Lead Effects on Star is ________
Definition
indirect
Term
Endocrine
Definition
released from a cell into the blood
Term
Neuroendocrine
Definition
released from neuron into blood
Term
Paracine
Definition
release from a cell into the extracellular space and acts of cells around it
Term
Neurocine
Definition
released from a neuron and acts on another neuron
Term
Autocrine
Definition
release from a cell and acts on itself
Term
Half-life of a peptide hormone
Definition
the amount of time required for half the molecules to become inactivated or cleared from the circulation
Term
Peptidases
Definition
are enzymes located in cell membranes of tissue fluid that will breakdown hormones when they are secreted
Term
Steroid and Thyroid hormones are bound to ___________
Definition
plasma proteins (globulins) - which enhances their half-life
Term
Adrenal catecholamines are _________ __________ in the ______
Definition
enzymatically inactivated, liver
Term
Neurotransmitters are either taken back into the _______ neuron or enzymatically ________ in the ______.
Definition
presynaptic, inactivated, brain
Term
In Hypothalamus

GnRH
Definition
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Raises FSH and LH secretion
Term
In Hypothalamus

TRH
Definition
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
raises TSH secretion
Term
In Hypothalamus

CRH
Definition
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
raises ACTH secretion
Term
In Hypothalamus

DA
Definition
Dopamine
lowers Prolactin secretion
Term
In Hypothalamus

MIF*
Definition
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone release inhibiting factor
lowers MSH secretion
Term
In Hypothalamus

SST
Definition
Somatostatin
lowers GH secretion
Term
In Hypothalamus

GHRH
Definition
growth hormone-releasing hormone
lowers GH secretion
Term
In Pituitary gland

OT
Definition
oxytocin
raises milk secretion; uterine contraction
Term
In Pituitary gland

AVP ADH
Definition
arginine vasopressin antidiuretic hormone
raises renal water absorption;vasoconstriction
Term
In Pituitary gland

MCH
Definition
melanin-concentrating hormone
raises melanosome aggregation (teleost fishes)
Term
In Pituitary gland

MSH
Definition
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
raises Integumental melanogenesis; melanosome dispersion
Term
In Pituitary gland

FSH
Definition
Follicle-stimulating hormone (follitropin)
raises female: ovarian follicle growth;estradiol synthesis
raises male: spermatogenesis
Term
In Pituitary gland

LH
Definition
Luteinizing hormone (lutropin)
raises female: ovulation; ovarian estradiol and progesterone synthesis
raises male: testicular androgen synthesis
Term
In Pituitary gland

PRL
Definition
prolactin
Raises milk synthesis; corpus luteum progesterone synthesis in some species
Term
In Pituitary gland

TSH
Definition
Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
raises thyroid hormone (T4 and T3) synthesis secretion
Term
In Pituitary gland

ACTH
Definition
adrenocorticotropin (adrenal cortical stimulating hormone)
raises adrenal steroidgenesis
Term
In Pituitary gland

GH
Definition
growth hormone
raises hepatic somatomedin (IGF-I,II) biosynthesis
Term
receptor is the source of ______
Definition
specificity
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