Term
| Link between nervous system and endocrine system |
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Definition
| hypothalamus and pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
regulator of homeostatic function
1. homeostatic conrol of hungere, thirst, sex drive, sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, blood glucose.
2.Endocrine control via regulating release of pituitary hormones.
3.autonomic control via descending pathways to sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons.
4.limbic function via connections to limbic system regulating emotional behavior. |
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Term
| Hypothalamus/Pituitary hormones |
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Definition
| peptide hormones, low molecular weight proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| regulated by neuropeptides called releasing or inhibiting factors or hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by the hypothalamus and transported to and stored in the posterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| roof of the pharynx in embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| stalk of the posterior pituitary. contains axons from the hypothalamic neurons. these terminals contain oxytocin and vasopressin. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| no neurons or synapses, just cells producing hormones like growth hormone, leutinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone. |
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Term
| 4 regions of Hypothalamus |
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Definition
| 1. Preoptic area (medial preoptic nucleus, lateral preoptic nucleus)2. Anterior (supraoptic region) 3. Middle (tuberal) region 4. Posterior (mammillary) region: (mammilalary and posterior nuclei). |
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Term
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Definition
| meidal preoptic nucleus, lateral preoptic nucleus |
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Term
| Anterior (supraoptic) region |
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Definition
| regulation of heat loss, thirst, sleep, parasympathetic activity, circadian rhythms. |
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Term
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Definition
| dorsomedial, ventromedial, arcuate nuclei. feeding, satiety, emotions, endocrine activity |
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Term
| Posterior (mammillary)region |
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Definition
| (mammillary and posterior nuclei) recent memory, heat conservation, sympathetic activity |
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Term
| Hypothalamus medial/lateral regions |
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Definition
| periventricular area, medial hypothalamic area, lateral hypothalamic area |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Lateral Hypothalamic area |
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Definition
| lateral preoptic nucleus & lateral hypothalamic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenohypophyseal hormone produced by nerve cells of hypothalamus are secreted into the body as hormones. Regulate AP hormones: RH-releasing hormone, RIH--release. |
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Term
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Definition
| GnRH: gonadotropin-RH = gonadorelin stimulates the release of FSH and LSH. TRH thyrotropin-RH(protirelin) stimulates the release of TSH (TSH= thyrotropin) |
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Term
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Definition
| gonadotropin-RH= gonadorelin stimulates the relase of FSH and LH |
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Term
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Definition
| thyrotropin-RH stimulates the release of TSH=thyrotropin |
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Term
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Definition
| corticotropin-RH stimulates the release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone=corticotropin) |
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Term
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Definition
| growth hormone-RH (somatocrinin) stimulates release of GH =(STH, somatotropic hormone) |
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Term
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Definition
| somatostatin inhibits release of STH (and also other peptide hormones including insulin, glucagon, and gastrin) |
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Term
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Definition
| prolactin-RH remains to be characterized or established. Both TRH and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are implicated. |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits the release of prolactin and could be indentical with dopamine. |
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Term
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Definition
| GHRH-secreting neurons are located in the arcuate nuclei and axons terminate in the external layer of the median eminence. |
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Term
| Prolcatin-Releasing Factor location |
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Definition
| dorsal anterior periventricular |
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Term
| Prolactin-Releasing Factor Function |
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Definition
| stiumlates milk production, PRL increase associated with sleep, curing stress, after nipple stimulation or suckling. |
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Term
| Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone |
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Definition
| location: its located in the medial portions of the Paraventricular nuclei. axons terminate in the medial protion of the external lay er of the median eminence. |
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Term
| Thyrotropin-Releasing Function |
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Definition
| regulating TSH secretion. |
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Term
| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone location |
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Definition
| anterior portion of Para ventricular |
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Term
| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Functin |
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Definition
| controls secretion of ACTH. level of this hormone increases significantly during late pregnancy and delivery. nuclei, nerve endings are found in all parts of teh external layer of the median eminence. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Location |
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Definition
| located in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus and their terminal found in the lateral portions of the external layer of the median eminence. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone function |
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Definition
| controls the secretion of luteinizing hormone and FSH |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the arcuate nuclei and their axons terminate in the external layer of the median eminence. |
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Term
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Definition
| prolactin-inhibitory hormone (disruption of hypothalamic-pituitary connection by stalk section or hypothalamic lesions, or pituitary autotransplantaion increases PRL secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| periventricular region of hypothalamus immediately abouve optic chiasm. D cells of pancreatic islets, GI mucosa, C cells parafollicular cells of thyroid, axons in external layer of median eminence. |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits the secretion of GH and TSH. Inhibitory influences on many other hormones, including insulin, glucagons, gastrin, secretin, and VIP. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is caused by tumors, of which craniopharyngioma is the most common in children, adolescents. |
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Term
| Craniopharyngioma Etiology |
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Definition
| embryogenetic. could by cystic or solid tissue. could be intrasellar or suprasellar. |
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Term
| Clinical Features of Craniopharyngioma |
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Definition
| initial symptoms endocrinoloic; 80% patients have hypothalamic-pituitary endocrine deficiencies: GH deficiency 50% growth retardation, Gonadotropin deficiency absent or arrested puberty, TSH and ACTH deficiencies less common, Diabetes Insipidus 15% (disordered control of thirst that results in polydipsia and polyuria). READ OTHER SYMPTOMS |
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Term
| Treatment of Craniopharyngioma |
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Definition
| resection of craniopharyngioma is usually not feasible, the method is removing of tumor by neurosurgical operation. |
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Term
| Sellar/Suprasellar tumors-Pituitary adenoma |
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Definition
| tumors of the pituitary gland constitute about 5-10% of intracranial tumors. Eosinophilic cells 2.Basophilic Cells 3.Chromophobe cells |
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Term
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Definition
produce prolactin=> amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, impotence, infertility.
produce GH=>acromegaly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Adrenocorticotrophic hormone=>cushing's disease; Thyroid-Stimulating hormone; Gonadotrophic hormones LH & FSH |
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Term
| Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (sellar/suprasellar tumor) |
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Definition
| GH stimulates growth and plays part in control of protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Excess in Adult causes Acromegaly. Childhood causes Gigantism. |
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Term
| Hypersecretion of Prolactin (sellar/Suprasellar tumor) |
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Definition
| tumor present with: infertility, amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea. males tumor is present with impotence. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACTH stimulates secretion of cortisol and androgen's. Hypersecretion from a pituitary adenoma and hyperplasia causes Cushing's syndrome. |
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Term
| Hyposecretion (Panhypopituitarism) |
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Definition
| large tumors may cause gradual impairment of pituitary hormone secretion. GH, gonadotropins first affected then TSH and ACTH. occurs with 80% of AP destruction cases. |
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Term
| Impaired Secretion of GH (Adult/Child) |
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Definition
| Adult: GH deficiency syndrome Child:pituitary dwarfism |
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Term
| Impaired secretion of Gonadotrophins |
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Definition
Adult: amenorrhea, sterility, loss of libido
Child: retarded sexual development |
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Term
| Impaired secretion of ACTH |
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Definition
| Adult, Children: glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid and androgen deficiency. |
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Term
| Impaired secretion of TSH |
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Definition
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Term
| Impaired secretion of prolactin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hemorrhage into the tumor: severe headache, visual failure, extraocular nerve palsies, altered consciousness, death |
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Term
| Treatment of Pituitary Apoplexy |
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Definition
| urgent steroid, glucocorticoid treatment must always be initiated immediately, at a dose of hydrocortisone 50mg every 6h. surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| condition that may occur in a woman who has a severe uterine hemorrhage during childbirth. sever blood loss causes tissue death in ther pituitary gland and leads to hypopituitarism following the birth. |
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Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Sheehan's Syndrome |
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Definition
| inability to breast-feed, fatigue, hypothyroidism, low blood pressure, lack of breast milk production, loss pubic hair, amenorrhea, or lack of menstrual bleeding. |
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Term
| Treatment of Sheehan's syndrome |
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Definition
| treatment for pituitary insufficiency is lifelond hormone substitute medication including estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement. Thyroid and adrenal hormones also must be taken. |
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Term
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Definition
| pituitary disorder due to trauma, vascular lesions or tumors, it is a form of hypopituitarism in which all pituitary secretions are deficient. |
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Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Simmond's Syndrome |
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Definition
| causes dwarfism, loss of function of they thyroid, adrenals, gonads, loss of menstruation, shrinkage of breasts and suppression of milk secretion, premature senility, lowering of metabolic rate, psychic symptoms and cachexia. loss of weight, body hair, atrophic skin premature ageing, lessened resistance to infection and shock. more common in females |
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