Term
| what type of hormone is iodothyronine and catecholamine? |
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Definition
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Term
| most hormones work by binding to.... |
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Definition
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Term
| iodothyronines bind to receptors where? |
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Definition
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Term
| which hormones have a carrier protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most common second messenger? |
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Definition
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Term
| Only the ______ portion is biologically active |
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Definition
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Term
what is the binding protein for..
thyroxin
testosterone
cortisol |
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Definition
throid binding globulin, throid binding pre albumin
sex hormone binding globulin
corticosteroid-binding globin |
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Term
| Hormone that have ____ have longer half-lives than hormones that travel freely |
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Definition
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Term
| The adenylyl-cyclase-cAMP system is inhibited by these 3 molecules |
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Definition
somatostatin
dopamine
angiotensin 2 |
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Term
| what happens if GnRH is given continuously |
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Definition
| it paradoxically inhibits release of LH/FSH |
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Term
For a hormone deficiency, do a ____ test
For a hormone excess, do a ____test |
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Definition
stimulatory test
suppression test |
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Term
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Definition
| a labeled antigen is placed with antibody. the hormone is then placed, unlabeled, into the same chamber. supernatant is removed and the more unlabeled hormone present the less it will light up, thus RIA counts inversely proportional to substrate |
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Term
| explain immunoradiometric assay |
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Definition
two antibodies are used instead of just one
hormone is added to capture antibody, then a second signal antibody attaches to bound hormone thus counts are directly proportional to substrate |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of a primary endocrine deficiency? |
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Definition
| target organ produces insufficient hormone (i.e. type 1 diabetes) due to inflammation or autoimmune, remove organ by surgery...trophic hormone is elevated |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of secondary endocrine deficiencies |
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Definition
| trophic hormone is absent |
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Term
| what are some of the causes or hormone excess syndrome |
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Definition
usually caused by tumors
graves (rare)
paraneoplastic syndromes
latrogenic (doctor prescribed) or factitious |
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Term
gamma rays
X-rays
beta particles
positrons |
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Definition
photons originate from nucleus
photons originate from outer electron shell
electrons
same mass as beta but with positive charge |
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Term
total radiation exposure
non-occupational dose limits |
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Definition
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Term
| what drains the pituitary gland |
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Definition
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Term
| hypophhyseotropic hormones are secreted into the |
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Definition
| portal hypophyseal cirulation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| what are some of the direct effects of growth hormone on tissues |
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Definition
increase protein synthesis and amino acid intake
increase in free fatty acid release
decrease in carbohydrate utilitzation due to anti-insulin effects |
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Term
| the effects on bone and cartilage via growth hormone stimulation is done by which protein |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of somatomedin c |
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Definition
| stimulation of epiphyseal cartilage and growth of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of somatomedin c causing dwarfism, normal GH levels...also a lack of GH receptors |
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Term
| GH has ____ secretion with a peak during______ |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some natural conditions that cause a rise in GH |
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Definition
exercise
stress
hypoglycemia |
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Term
| what are some natural causes that cause a decrease in GH |
|
Definition
elevated free fatty acids
somatostatin
hyperglycemia
dopamine antagonists |
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Term
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Definition
| type of constitutional short stature in which height is appropriate given the parent's height |
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Term
| what are some causes of pathological decrease in GH |
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Definition
decreased GRH secretion (hypothalamic tumor)
decreased GH secretion fro pituitary issue (e.g. tumor) |
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Term
| if given GH, how often do you have to take it? |
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Definition
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Term
| adults with gh deficiency have decreased _____ and _____ |
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Definition
| muscle mass and bone density |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| homocystinuria is a genetic syndrome that causes... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| gh excess after epiphyseal fusion:q |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| early tall stature due to early sex steroid secretion, but premature epiphyseal closure result in final short stature |
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Term
| what is meant by acral enlargement |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are some symptoms of acromegaly |
|
Definition
acne
photophobia
hyperinsulinemia
glucose intolerance
irregular menses
galactorrhea |
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Term
| what is heel pad sign indicative of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a glucose suppression test? What is it used for? |
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Definition
100g glucose with GH at baseline and 1hour...GH should be less than 2 ng/ml at 2 hours
in acromegalics does not suppress and IGF-1 may be elevated |
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Term
| What is the treatment for a microadenoma causing hypersecrtion of GH? What is the treatment for a macroademona (greater than 1 cm) |
|
Definition
surgery
octreotide (a somatostatin analog) |
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Term
| bromocriptine is used for |
|
Definition
| hyperprolactinemia (dopamine agonist) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone is biochemically related to growth hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the basis for post-partum amenorrhea |
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Definition
| prolactin which supressses FSH/LH secretion |
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Term
| micro adenomas are defined by having a size less than ______ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the consequences of hyperprolactinemia |
|
Definition
secondary amenorrhea
hypogonadism
glactorrhea
osteoporosis (due to prolonged hypogonadism) |
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Term
| what is the most common cause of hypopituitarism? |
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Definition
| destruction by pituitary adenoma |
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Term
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Definition
| causes hypopituitarism, due to postpartum pituitary necrosis after excessive blood loss |
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Term
| Hypopituitarism deficiency in specific hormones from earliest to latest onset of loss |
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Definition
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Term
| ACTH deficiency is also known as |
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Definition
| secondary adrenal insufficiency |
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Term
| what is the primary reason for the symptoms seen in acth deficiency |
|
Definition
| inadequate cortisol production |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of acth deficiency |
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Definition
| weakness, hypotension, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, death if untreated |
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Term
| what happens to aldosterone levels in acth deficiency? |
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Definition
| normal, thus hyperkalemia does not occur |
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Term
| what is the treatment for secondary adrenal insufficiency |
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Definition
glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone or cortisone acetate)
mineralocorticoids not necessary as the renin-aldosterone system is intact |
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Term
| symptoms of secondary hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
fatigue
cold intolerance
sluggish speech and thinking
dry skin and hair |
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Term
| what are the levels of t4 and t3 in secondary hypothyroidism? tsh levels? |
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Definition
t4 and t3 are low
TSH is inappropriately low (may be in normal values but should be elevated if T4,T3 are low) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
abnormalities of thyroid hormone binding
result in decrease total hormone levels but normal free levels
reverse T3 elevated |
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Term
| patients with TSH deficiency should be tested for what before beginning treatment? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Central diabetes insipidus is normal caused by a ____tumor not a _____tumor |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| nephrogenic diabetes insipidus vs central diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
both result in increased water loss
central is due to insufficient ADH release, nephrogenic is due to kidneys that are resistant to ADH thus ADH levels will be elevated |
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Term
| lithium is known to cause ______ |
|
Definition
| nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
|
|
Term
| indirect test for diabetes inspidus |
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Definition
dehydrate patient and give ADH, patient dehydrated until serum becomes hypertonic
does not distinguish between central and nephrogenic |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for central diabetes inspidus? for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? |
|
Definition
desmopressin
stop giving lithium, give thiazide diuretic |
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Term
| direct test for diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
the patient is made hypertonic and ADH is then measured
for Central: ADH is low
for Nephrogenic: ADH is high |
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Term
| how do you tell the difference between a psychogenic polydipsia and DI |
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Definition
PP are often hyponatremic
DI are hypernatremic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
decreased free water clearance
hyponatremia
euvolemic and not edematous |
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|
Term
| SIADH is often seen in these patients |
|
Definition
| small cell lung carcinoma, lung disease |
|
|
Term
| what are some causes of euvolemic hyponatremia |
|
Definition
hypothyroidism
renal salt wasting
glucocorticoid deficiency
SIADH |
|
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Term
| what are some causes of hypovolemic, hyponatremia? |
|
Definition
extra renal losses
vomiting
diarrhea
renal losses
diuretics
mineralocorticoid deficiency
hyperglycemia |
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|
Term
| what are some causes of hyponatremia, hypervolemic |
|
Definition
congestive heart failure
renal failure
cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| what must be exluded from SIADH with euvolemic hyponatremia |
|
Definition
| adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism |
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