Term
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Definition
| Controls gene expression. Can be ubiquitous (many tissues) or tissue specific. |
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Term
| Bone resorption outpaces bone deposition and results in porous, weak bones is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells in parathyroid gland which secrete PTH |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells which synthesize bone |
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Definition
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Term
| Clovis is a jersey cow, she has blood calcium concentrations of 5 mg/dl. Which hormone involved in calcium regulation will be secreted to restore Clovis's calcium back to normal? |
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Definition
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
| Describe what happens during early lactation to cause milk fever. |
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Definition
| large quantities of milk being produced causes a sudden demand of Ca, depleting the supply. |
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Term
| During the well-fed state, when energy is abundant, insulin is considered to be anabolic. List one action of insulin in adipose tissue and muscle during these times of energy abundance. |
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Definition
adipose - inhibits lipase to prevent fat degradation
muscle - promote glucose storage as glycogen |
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Term
| Enzyme necessary for final activation step of Vit D |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme necessary for first step of activation of vitamin D3 |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme necessary for production of the inactive form of Vit D |
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Definition
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Term
| Excess PTH due to lesion or tumor in parathyroid gland. |
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Definition
| primary hyperparathyroidism |
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Term
| Excessive PTH secretion as a result of kidney failure |
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Definition
| renal secondary hyperparathyroidism |
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Term
| Failure of bone mineralization in young animals |
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Definition
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Term
| GH exerts on all or almost all tissues in the body, with its general effect to cause growth. However, GH has major metabolic effects. What are these metabolic effects. |
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Definition
| Increase protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism |
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Term
| GI "candidate" hormone named for ability to stimulate gastric motor activity and functions mainly to increase GI motility is _________? |
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Definition
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Term
| GI hormone secreted in the small intestine (duodenum) in response to acidification of the duodenal mucosa by Hcl from the stomach is ________? |
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Definition
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Term
| GI hormone secreted in the small intestine and functions in gall bladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion, inhibition of gastric emptying, and may also be a satiety hormone is ____________? |
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Definition
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Term
| GI hormone secreted in the small intestine and functions to increase glucose-mediated insulin release is _______ ________ _______? |
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Definition
| gastric inhibitory peptide |
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Term
| GI hormone secreted in the stomach and functions to stimulate Hcl from parietal cells is ________? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many parathyriod glands does a pig have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypersecretion of GH in adulthood leads to which endocrine disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| If Dr. W had given herself glucose IV rather than drinking the glucose, what would have been the effect on her insulin release from the pancreas and why? |
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Definition
| Insulin release would be slower b/c humans respond to oral glucose faster. This is due to GIP increase glucose-mediated insulin release. |
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Term
| If calcium levels rise to 15 mg/dl which hormone will be secreted to help bring levels back to normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you consumed some protein and fats along with a glucose drink, which pancreatic hormone would be secreted to prevent absorbed nutrients from being absorbed so quickly? |
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Definition
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Term
| In regulation of energy balance, what are the effects of leptin on hunger, food intake, energy expenditure, weight and body fat deposits? |
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Definition
Decrease hunger and food intake
Increase energy expenditure
Decrease body weight and fat deposits |
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Term
Indicate which hormone is produced by each pancreatic cell type
Alpha cell:
Beta cell:
D cell:
F cell: |
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Definition
Alpha cell: glucagon
Beta cell: insulin
D cell: somatostatin
F cell: pancreatic polypeptide |
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Term
| Insulin required for anabolic effect of GH, so diabetic children fail to grow properly. What are the 2 main functions of insulin in growth? |
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Definition
promotes uptake of AA in muscle
glucose uptake |
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Term
| Is Dr. Williams insulin resistant or insulin sensitive? |
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Definition
| Insulin sensitive. Otherwise glucose levels would have continued to rise. |
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Term
| Leptin is known to affect reproduction, and treatment with this hormone advances puberty in mice. What is the most likely mechanism of action of this hormone in regulating reproduction. |
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Definition
| Leptin causes the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus. GnRH causes the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituatary |
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Term
| List functions of ghrelin. |
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Definition
1. stimulates gastric acid secretion
2. epithelial cells of stomach |
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Term
| Major growth and promoting agent in human breast milk |
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Definition
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Term
| May develop animals fed low calcium, high phosphorus diets. |
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Definition
| nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism |
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Term
| Red blood cell production and function |
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Definition
|
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Term
| To cause the effects on reproduction and energy balance leptin acts centrally by decreasing the production of _________ ____ in the arcuate nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
Vit D synthesis
In the second step, the inactive Vitamin D3 is transported to this organ? |
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Definition
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Term
Vit D synthesis
In this 2nd step, which is the first step of activation, name the metabolite produced? |
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Definition
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol |
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Term
Vit D synthesis
What is the active form of vitamin D3? |
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Definition
| 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol |
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Term
Vit D synthesis
Where does the final activation of Vit D3 occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
Vitamin D synthesis
In the first step _________ (precursor) is converted to ___________ (inactive vitamin D3). This reaction is catlyzed by ____________. |
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Definition
7-dehydrocholesterol
Pre-Vit d3
light |
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Term
Vitamin D synthesis
The first step which is synthesis, takes place where? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are normal blood Ca levels? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three methods of milk feer prevention? |
|
Definition
1. anion salts in prepartum diet
2. low Ca diet prior to calving
3. Vit D supplementation |
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Term
| What cattle disorder is charecterized by hypocalcemia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin? |
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Definition
| C cells or parafollicular cells |
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Term
| What hormone is secreted by the pancreas after drinking a high energy drink and glucose levels are increased? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone produced in the adipose tissue can cause whole body insulin resistance? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a mature bone cell called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is normal range for blood glucose? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the difference between the cations and anions found in a ration? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the effect of PTH at the following tissues to help with Ca regulation?
Bone
Kidney
Intestine |
|
Definition
Bone - mobilize Ca from skeletal reserves into EC fluid
Kidney - enhanced renal absorption of Ca to decrease PO4
Intestine - promote Ca absorption |
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Term
| What is the major site and function of active vitamin D3 in calcium regulation? |
|
Definition
| kidney, increase Ca binding |
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Term
| What is the term for increase in cell number? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for increase in cell size? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pancreatic hormone was produced to ensure Dr. Williams had plenty of glucose before the glucose test? |
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Definition
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Term
| What physiologic effect does this hormone have in the liver to ensure that Dr. Williams has plenty of glucose during this time of high metabolic demand? (2 events) |
|
Definition
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis |
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Term
| When Parathyroid glands don't secrete sufficient PTH. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Ghrelin produced? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells destroy bone? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells in the epithelium of GI tract which secrete hormones? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells in the parathyriod gland with no known function? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells secrete cholecystokinin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells secrete gastrin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which growth factor is involved in growth of sensory and motor neurons? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which growth factor is involved in lymphocyte differentiation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which growth factor is involved in skeletal growth? |
|
Definition
| Transforming growth-factor beta |
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Term
| Which hormone is produced in the GI tract, decreases gastric secretions, and is also produced in the pancreas and hypothalumas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormone produced in the adipose tissue is diminished in obese states and can enhance the use of fatty acids in lean tissue, inhibit glucose production by liver, and thus decrease both blood and glucose and body weight? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which other hormone in the body increases in response to ghrelin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which tissues do not require insulin for glucose transport into cells and receives glucose even when it is not abundant? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which types of diabetes are not insulin dependant? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why is it so important to feed baby pigs in the 1st 24 to 36 hours of life? |
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Definition
| Their gluconeogenic mechanismsare underdeveloped and must be stimulated by feeding. |
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