Term
| AntiDiuretic Hormone synthesis |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus-released thru post. pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus-released thru post. pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic hormone target |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water reabsorption
constriction of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mammary glands
uterine muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contraction of uterus during labor
milk release from mammary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females, sperm production in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates production and release of hormones from the thyroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes production and secretion of steroid hormones from adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates mammary gland growth and milk synthesis in mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin (dark pigment)
Inhibits hunger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liver, bones, other tissues (both tropic and non tropic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acts on the liver to release insulin like growth factors or somatomedins (stimulate bone and cartilage growth)
raises blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| GH problems undersecretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GH problems oversecretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
released by GHRH from hypothalamus
inhibited by somatostatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth hormone produced naturally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates ant pituitary to release ACTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates ant pituitary to release TSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate ant pituitary to release FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase metabolic rate and promote growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IGF1=(chondrocytes of bone) collagen synthesis, protein synthesis, cell proliferation
IGF2=(organs and tissues)protein synthesis, RNA synthesis DNA synthesis, increase cell size and number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase metabolic rate, cell growth
most T4 is converted to T3 intracellularly due to its higher affinity for receptors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combine with iodine to produce TH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid binding globulins (TBG) |
|
Definition
| bind TH for transport in blood. while bound, not active. |
|
|
Term
| negative inhibition of thyroid hormone release |
|
Definition
| on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormone effect timetable |
|
Definition
| develop slowly, up to 48 hrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucocorticoids, estrogens and testosterone, excessively high blood iodide, somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid disorders:hypothyroid |
|
Definition
Myxdema:low BMR, feel cold, constipation, sluggishness, edma, lethargy
Cretinism:hypothyroid in infants, usually mentally retarded, short disproportioned body, thick tongue, genetic or maternal iodide deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid disorder:hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
| autoimmune disease where antibodies act like TSH and stimulate thyroid to oversecrete. bulging of eye, weight loss, high BMR, rapid HR, goiter, Grave's disease treat: radioactive iodine, surgery of overactive gland, medication to disrupt hormone synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which elevates level of calcium in blood. essential for muscle contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deposit Ca into bones to "tone down" blood Ca levels
*PTH has opposite effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| zona glomerulosa products |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain water and mineral balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolism of body cells, gluconeogenesis, anti-inflammatory (cortisol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursor to testosterone |
|
|
Term
| glucocorticoids (cortisone, cortisol) synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
liver:produce glucose thru gluconeogenesis, and deamination of AA
muscle:cause loss of AAs, to be converted by liver to glucose
fat tissue: release FA for conversion to glucose in liver |
|
|
Term
| glucocorticoid production stimulator |
|
Definition
| ACTH from pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| adrenal cortex hypersecretion |
|
Definition
excess glucocorticoids, cushing's syndrome, obesity, puffy face, thin skin, muscle weakness anxiety, depression.
Due to overmedication or tumor |
|
|
Term
| adrenal cortex hyposecretion |
|
Definition
Insufficient adrenal cortex steroids, Addisons disease,
fatigue, weakness, weight loss, darkened skin, salt craving, diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
| Catecholamines (Epinephrine and NE)synthesis |
|
Definition
| Adrenal Medulla (chromaffin cells) |
|
|
Term
| catecholamine activation time |
|
Definition
| prolong SNS response. 80% epinep, 20%NE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart and metabolic activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic Islets products |
|
Definition
Alpha cells-glucagon
Beta cells-insulin
Delta cells-somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| Glucose homeostatic range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regulation of insulin production |
|
Definition
1. glucose import
2. K channels close, cause depolariztion
3. Ca influx through voltage gated channels
4. High Ca activates insulin release. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High blood glucose levels, GIP secretion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ability of cell to uptake glucose (brain and liver can always uptake)
uptake aa into liver and muscle
release of FA from liver and fat
increase number of gluc transporters at surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type 1: early sudden onset, loss of beta cells by autoimmune response.
Type 2:late onset, gradual. due to decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors.
Both cause hyperglycemia and glycosuria, and reduced lipid and protein stores. Body turns to fat to produce glucose due to decreased uptake, which induces ketosis, acidic blood.
Majority are type 2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released from alpha cells in response to low blood glucose. causes breakdown of glycogen in liver and release of glucose in blood. Binding utilizes cAMP. Only liver cells are sensitive to glucagon, but act on CHO, fat and PRO w/i liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both promote glycogenolysis, for differing reasons: epinephrine is fight or flight hormone, to rapidly mobilize large amounts of energy in cells, such as muscle cells. glucagon is used for long-term maintenance of blood glucose levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by low blood glucose levels to release GRH-GH, stimulates growth via number of cells, and indirectly through growth promoting factors to increase cell production. Also has an anti-insulin effect, like glucagon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anti-insulin, like glucagon:
-blocks glucose uptake by tissues.
-raise gluc levels by promoting FA conversion to glucose via gluconeogenesis.
-high for several hrs after a meal when immediate energy supplies are low.
-counteracts hypoglycemia
-helps maintain glucose homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| endocrine specificity location |
|
Definition
| the target cell determines the specificity for certain hormones through its specific receptors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell responds to its own signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signals to neighboring cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signals via the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release of material via duct. product plus water, NO hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ductless, and release directly into circulation, products only, no water. HORMONES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peptides, catecholamines, eicosanoids (need cell surface receptors) and steroids (can travel across the membrane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often produced as precursors that are proteolytically cleaved to the active form of the hormone. Are water soluble, have a short 1/2 life. Most common hormone, example is insulin |
|
|
Term
| peptide hormone production |
|
Definition
| starts as preprohormone, which are sometimes modified in the ER to contain carbs. They also contain signal peptides that send them to the golgi where signal sequence is removed to form prohormone. Prohormone is processed to active hormone and packaged into secretory vesicles. The reason for multistep process is that it allows for greater regulation of the release by allowing differing control to differing enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are all derived from cholesterol, differ only in the ring and side chains attached. all are lipid soluble |
|
|
Term
| steroid hormone production |
|
Definition
| are not packaged into vesicles, rather are synthesized and immediately released. the enzymes that produce them are located in mitochondria and smooth ER. Due to lipid solubility it will enter every cell, but not every cell has correct receptor |
|
|
Term
| steroid hormone transport and precursors |
|
Definition
| since most cells are surrounded by water, must be bound to a globulin to travel through blood to cell. Sometimes a steroid is secreted by one cell and converted to the active form by the target cell: ex. androgen secreted by the gonad and converted into estrogen in the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not really a vitamin as it can be synthesized de novo. acts like a true hormone. helps immunity and calcium absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid hormones and catecholamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "double" tyrosine with the incorporation of 3-4 iodine atoms |
|
|
Term
| amine hormones:catecholamines |
|
Definition
| are both neurohormones and neurotransmitters. include epenephrine and norepinephrine. produced in adrenal medulla. and are water soluble. secreted like peptide hormones in inactive forms and vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tryptophan precursor to serotonin and melatonin. glutamic acid is converted to histamine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes. produced by every cell except RBCs. rapidly metabolized and inactivated |
|
|
Term
| Eiconsanoids:prostaglandins |
|
Definition
| Differenct PGs have antagonistic effects on tissues. Promotes inflammatory process of immmune system. Plays role in ovulation. Inhibits gastric secretion in digestive system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| COX 1 and 2 synthesize prostaglandins. Are targetted by NSAIDs to cause relief from inflammation and pain. Ones that target both COX produce more side effects, inhibit just one produce less side effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cyclic nucleotides:cAMP, cGMP.
DAG
IP3
Calcium Ion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activates protein kinas which phosphorylates a protein, and causes a response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulatory or inhibitory G proteins act on adenylyl cyclase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone binds to receptor activates Gprotein, which activates Phospholipase C and converts PiP2 to DAG, release IP3 in the process, which stimulates Ca release from within cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can take away an inhibitor to allow rxn to continue. stimulated by Calcium influx |
|
|
Term
| Calcium intracellular concentrations |
|
Definition
| initially very low, so even small influxes of calcium will cause exponential increase |
|
|
Term
| peptide hormone mechanism |
|
Definition
| some (insulin and growth factors) don't use 2nd messenger, have a kinase part on the receptor that phosphorylates the protein directly to cause biological effects |
|
|
Term
| biochemical amplification |
|
Definition
| a few molecules activate an enzyme, which produce many product molecules because the enzyme is not used up in the process. if the product is another enzyme and even greater snowball effect takes place. |
|
|
Term
| hormone action termination |
|
Definition
-diffusion from receptor
-breakdown by enzymes, intra/extracellularly
-reuptake of breakdown products into cells.
-endocytosis of receptor proteins at cell surface |
|
|
Term
| convergent, divergent pathways |
|
Definition
| single hormone may bind to different receptors, sometimes these differing receptors cause the same action, other times different. |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine activity control |
|
Definition
| physiologic effects of hormones depend largely on their concentration in the blood and ECF. Disease results when hormone concentrations are too high or too low, so they are tightly regulated. |
|
|
Term
| Neural control of hormone release |
|
Definition
| Neural input to Hypothalamus stimulates synthesis and secretion of releaseing factors which stimulate pituitary hormone production and release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endogenous neuronal rhythmiticity. ie. diurnal cycles, circadian rhythms,(growth hormone and cortisol) |
|
|
Term
| episodic secretion of hormones |
|
Definition
| response stimulus coupling enable the endo system to respond to physiological demands. secretory episodes occur with different periodicity, and can be as frequent as 5-10 minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| episode of release longer than an hour, but less than 24 hrs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appx 24 hrs, also referred to as diurnal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis and secretion of hormones are the most tightly regulated. mediated by positive and negative feedback |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high blood flow delivers more blood flow. so changing the amount of blood flow to the area changes the amount of hormones delivered |
|
|
Term
| rate of degradation and elimination |
|
Definition
| have characteristic rates of decay. shutting off secretion ofa hormone with a short half life causes circulating concentration to plummet, long half life will cause there to still be a lot of hormone in blood even when production/secretion stops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common. example: TSH from pit gland stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormone which in turn feeds back and inhibits TSH secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
less common. example: oxytocin release from pituitary gland stimulates muscles associated with birth
-LH stiumulation of estrogen, which stimulates LH surge at ovulation |
|
|
Term
| substrate hormone control |
|
Definition
| no brain involvement. as glucose increases, it stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
act faster, use the same pathways,
cytokines enhance immune response
growth factor stimulates proliferation and differentiation
Nitric oxide promotes vasodilation
prostaglandins enhance smooth muscle contractions |
|
|
