Term
| What cytokine is important in maintaining granulomas? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What hormone stimulates bone and muscle growth? |
|
Definition
| Growth Hormone with IGF-1 |
|
|
Term
| What Hormone increases blood glucose levels and decreases protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Hormone stimulates follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Hormone stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males? |
|
Definition
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Term
What hormones are secreted by the Posterior Pituitary?
What germ layer is the posterior pituitary from? |
|
Definition
Neuroectoderm
ADH
Oxytocin
(made in hypothalamus) |
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Term
What germ layer is the Anterior Pituitary dervied from?
What Pouch?
What Hormones are secreted by the Anterior Pituitary?
What hormones are produced by Acidophils, which ones by Basophils? |
|
Definition
Oral Ectoderm
Rathke's Pouch
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
(FLAT PiG)
Acidophils:
GH
Prolactin
Basophils:
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
(B-FLAT)
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|
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Term
What precursor molecule is ACTH and MSH synthesized from?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Germ Layers are the Adrenal Cortex and Medulla derived from? |
|
Definition
Mesoderm → Cortex
Neural Crest → Medulla |
|
|
Term
What are the 3 layers of the Adrenal Cortex?
What regulates their control
What do they secrete? |
|
Definition
Renin-Angiotensin → Glomerulosa → Aldosterone
ACTH, hypothalamic CRH → Fasciculata → Cortisol
ACTH, hypothalamic CRH → Reticularis → Sex Hormones
G = Salt
F = Sugar
R = Sex
"The Deeper you go, the sweeter it gets"
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|
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Term
| What is responsible for fetal lung maturation and surfactant production? |
|
Definition
Cortisol secretion controlled by ACTH and CRH from fetal pituitary and placenta
Stress controls CRH secretion
(Fetal Twin with ↓ blood flow → ↑stress → ↑CRH → ↑Cortisol → ↑fetal lung maturation |
|
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Term
| What tissues do NOT need insulin for glucose uptake? |
|
Definition
BRICK L
Brain
RBCs
Intestine
Cornea
Kidney
Liver |
|
|
Term
What cells secrete Glucagon?
What stimulates/inhibts its release?
What are it's effects? |
|
Definition
α-cells of Pancreas
Hypoglycemia → stimulates release
Insulin, Hyperglycemia, Somatostatin → Inhibit release
Effects:
1. Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
2. Lipolysis and ketone production
3. Inhibition of insulin and further glucagon release |
|
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Term
A deficiency in what can cause:
Hypertension
Phenotypically Female
|
|
Definition
17α - hydroxylase deficiency
No Sex Hormones
No Cortisol
↑ Aldosterone
[image] |
|
|
Term
A deficiency in what would cause:
Hypotension
Hyperkalemia
↑ Renin activity
↑ACTH
Masculinization
Salt Wasting → Volume Depletion |
|
Definition
21 α-hydroxylase deficiency
No Aldosterone
No Cortisol
↑ Sex Hormones
[image] |
|
|
Term
A Deficiency in what would cause:
Hypertension
Masculinization
No Salt Wasting |
|
Definition
11 β-hydroxylase deficiency
No Cortisol
No Aldosterone
↑ 11-deoxycorticosterone → HTN
↑ Sex Hormones
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What Diabetic drugs can cause disulfiram-like effects? |
|
Definition
1st Generation Sulfonylureas
Tolbutamide
Chlorpropamide |
|
|
Term
| What Diabetic drugs work by closing K+ channels in β-cell membrane, triggering insulin release via Ca2+ influx? |
|
Definition
Sulfonylureas
1st Generations:
Tolbutamide
Chlorpropamide
2nd Generation:
Glyburide
Glimepiride
Glipizide |
|
|
Term
What diabetic drug functions to:
↓ gluconeogenesis
↑ glycolysis
↑ peripheral glucose uptake |
|
Definition
Metformin
1st-Line therapy for type 2 DM
|
|
|
Term
| What side effect of Metformin makes it contrindicated in Renal Failure? |
|
Definition
Metformin
Lactic Acidosis |
|
|
Term
| What Diabetic drugs ↑ insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue by binding to PPAR-γ nuclear transcription regulator? |
|
Definition
"Glitazones"
Thiazolidinediones
Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone
(Genes activated by PPAR-γ regulate fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism. Activation of PPAR-γ ↑ insulin sensitivity and levels of adiponectin) |
|
|
Term
What Side Effects do the thiazolidinediones have?
Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone
"Glitazones" |
|
Definition
Side Effects:
Weight Gain
Edema
Hepatotoxicity
Heart Failure
CHF Exacerbation |
|
|
Term
| What drugs Inhibit intestinal brush-border α-glucosidase to delay sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption? |
|
Definition
α-glucosidase inhibitors:
Acarbose
Miglitol
Side Effects: GI disturbances |
|
|
Term
| What 2 drugs ↓ glucagon release? |
|
Definition
Mimetics:
Pramlintide
GLP-1 analogs:
Exenatide |
|
|
Term
| What drug that works by ↓ glucagon release has a side effect of pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What drugs block peroxidase → inhibiting organification of iodide and coupling of thyroid hormone synthesis?
Which one is best to use in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
Propylthiouracil
(PTU)
Best for Pregnancy
Methimazole
Side Effects:
Skin Rash
Agranulocytosis
Aplastic Anemia
Hepatotoxicity (PTU)
|
|
|
Term
What is the clinical use of Demeclocycline?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug that is used to treat SIADH can cause photosensitivity and abnormlities of bone and teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs ↓ the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and expression of COX-2? |
|
Definition
Glucocorticoids:
Hydrocortisone
prednisone
triamcinolone
dexamethasone
beclomethasone |
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