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Endocrine Unit I & II
Endocrine Anatomy and Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland Disorders
103
Nursing
Not Applicable
02/21/2014

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Term
hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
Definition
Indirect acting hormones (tropic hormones)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Term
hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
Definition
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Term
TSH
Definition
Thyroid stimulating hormone
stimulates thyroid to release t3 and t4
Term
ACTH
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol and aldosterone
Term
FSH
Definition
Follicle stimulating hormone
stimulates ovaries and testes to release hormones
Term
LH
Definition
Luteinizing hormone
stimulates ovaries and testes to release hormones
Term
GH
Definition
Growth hormones
stimulates body growth, bones, muscles and tissues
Term
PRL
Definition
Prolactin
stimulates breast milk production
Term
ADH
Definition
Antidiuretic hormone
stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
stimulates the uterus and prostate contraction
Term
Pineal Gland Hormones
Definition
Melatonin
Term
Melatonin
Definition
inhibits the secretions of the gonadotropins and affects changes in the body clock mechanism (SLEEP CYCLE)
Term
Thymus gland hormones
Definition
Thymin
Thymosin
Term
Thymin
Definition
blocks the transmission of neuromuscular nerve impulses
Term
thymosin
Definition
develops the immune system (T- Lymphocytes)
Term
thyroid gland hormones
Definition
thyroxine (t4)
triiodothyronine (t3)
calcitonin
Term
thyroxine
Definition
regulates the rate of metabolism and growth and development; abundant hormone
Term
triiodothyronine
Definition
regulates the rate of metabolism and growth and development; principle potent hormone
Term
calcitonin
Definition
decreases calcium in the blood by redirecting it back into the bone
Term
parathyroid gland hormones
Definition
parathormone (PTH)
Term
PTH
Definition
Parathormone
maintains (increases) calcium and phosphate balance in the body
Term
Adrenal Gland Hormones
Definition
CORTEX:
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
gonadocorticoids

MEDULLA:
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
cortisol (Stress, decrease inflammation)
involved in carbohydrates (CHO), protein, and fat metabolism and the body's reaction to stress
Term
mineralocorticoids
Definition
aldosterone
regulates how electrolytes are processed (sodium retention)(h2o)
Term
epinephrine
Definition
increases body metabolism rate; fight or flight reaction (sympathetic)
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
contracts the blood vessels, increases the blood pressure, slows the GI tract, and dilates the pupils (return to balance...parasympathetic)(negative feedback)
Term
pancreas gland hormones
Definition
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
Term
insulin
Definition
moves glucose out of the blood nd into the cells
Term
glucagon
Definition
targets the liver to release glycogen
Term
somatostatin
Definition
interferes with the release of GH and glucagon
Term
reproductive hormone glands
Definition
Ovaries
Testes
Term
Ovary gland hormones
Definition
estrogen
progesterone
Term
estrogen
Definition
premature sexual development in females and infertility
Term
progesterone
Definition
premature sexual development in females and infertility
Term
teste gland hormones
Definition
testosterone
Term
testosterone
Definition
premature male sexual development and muscle hypertrophy
Term
tropic hormones
Definition
indirect acting hormones
Term
cells found in target organs that are influenced either by neurotransmitters or hormones
Definition
target cells
Term
pancrease is (ENDOCRINE/EXOCRINE/BOTH)
Definition
both- releases enzymes through a duct into the duodenum to break down foods for digestion and also releases insulin directly into the bloodstream to help the body use glucose
Term
hormones that are secreted by one gland and target another endocrine gland stimulating growth and secretion
Definition
tropic hormone (released by anterior pituitary and hypothalamus)
Term
increased calcium = increased __________
Definition
calcitonin
Term
decreased calcium = increased ____________
Definition
parathormone
Term
negative feedback
Definition
returns body to normal balance; ie shivering, thirst
Term
positive feedback
Definition
allows body to cope in stressful situations; ie childbirth, emergency; can be maintained only a short time
Term
Beta cells=
Definition
insulin=decrease blood glucose
Term
Alpha cells=
Definition
glucagon=increase blood glucose
Term
Delta cells=
Definition
somatostatin= balance blood glucose
Term
ANP
Definition
Atrial natriuretic peptide
decreases blood volume by kidneys increasing sodium loss
Term
renin
Definition
enzyme
increase BP and volume
Term
erythropoietin
Definition
matures RBC's
Term
t/f: placenta sends vitamin D to liver then to kidneys
Definition
true
Term
cholecystokinin
Definition
increases mount of bile from the gallbladder
Term
gastrin
Definition
increases hydrochloric acid (HCL)
Term
t/f: sea salt and kelp may increase levels of iodine
Definition
true
Term
Thyroid gland drugs used for hyperfunction
Definition
methimazole (Tapazole)
propylthiouracil (PTU)
strong iodine solution (Lugol's solution)
propranolol (Inderal)
Term
Thyroid gland drugs used for hypofunction
Definition
thyroid desiccated (Armour thyroid)
liotrix (Thyrolar)
levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid, Levothroid)
liothyronine soidum (Cytomel)
Term
Parathyroid gland drugs used for hyperfunction
Definition
synthetic calcitonin (Calcimar)
Term
parathyroid gland drugs used for hypofunction
Definition
oral calcium
vitamin D
Vitamin D2 (Calciferol)
Term
chvostek test
Definition
tapping the side of the face and watching for twitching of facial muscles- sign of hypocalcemia
Term
trousseau test
Definition
signs of tetany due to hypcalcemia
Term
enlarged thyroid
Definition
goiter
Term
what can cause hyperthyroidism?
Definition
tumor, goiter, an autoimmune disorder, or treatment of hypothyroidism with thyroid hormones can cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism if the dosage is too high, excessive secretion of TSH, thyroiditis; neoplasms; stress, infection
Term
pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism
Definition
increase in metbolic rate due to increased secretion of t3&4; body is in overdrive; sped up

increased TH; heightened sympathetic NS response to stimulation; increased cardiac rate and stroke volume; restless;
Term
what happens if hyperthyroidism is untreated?
Definition
cardiac dysrhythmias or even cardiac arrest; psychiatric disorders; thyroid crisis
Term
S&S Hyperthyroidism
Definition
restlessness, tachycardia, increased appetite with weight loss, diarrhea, heat intolerance, fine hair, smooth skin, emotional lability, fine tremors, HTN, palpitations, dysrhythmias, nervousness, exopthalamos, fatigue, weakness, diaphoresis
Term
t/f: treatment of hyperthyroidism may result in hypothyroidism
Definition
true- due to overdosaging
Term
t/f: thyroid cancer is one of the most fatal of all cancers
Definition
FALSE!
one of the most treatable!
Term
bulging eyes resulting from enlarging tissue behind the eyes; patient may not be able to close eyelids over the eyes
Definition
exophthalmos
Term
primary hyperthyroidism serum TSH
Definition
TSH is low
Term
what are the pros/cons with antithyroid medications?
Definition
pro: inhibit thyroid hormone production
cons: cannot affect hormones already stored for release- iodine meds are needed for this action
Term
what do iodine medications do in hyperthyroidism?
Definition
suppress the release of thyroid hormones and decrease the vascularity of the gland
Term
why is potassium iodide given?
Definition
to ready the gland for surgery
Term
common drug used to relieve thyrotoxicosis
Definition
beta adrenergic blockers- Inderal
Term
may be used to irradiate the thyroid gland and destroy thyroid cells, thereby decreasing thyroid hormone production
Definition
radioactive iodine; may cause hypothyroidism- will require lifelong hormone replacement therapy
Term
what happens if meds can't control hyperthyroidism?
Definition
surgery
Term
Tapazole
Definition
(methimazole)inhibit thyroid hormone production; antithyroid med

side effect: hypothyroidism
Term
Propyl Thyracil
Definition
(propylthiouracil) inhibit thyroid hormone production

side effect: bradycardia
Term
SSKI/potssium iodide, saturated solution
Definition
inhibits hormone relese, decreases gland vascularity

side effects: hypothyroidism, fatigue, weight gain
Term
Lugol's Solution
Definition
iodine solution that inhibits hormone release, decreases gland vascularity

side effects: bradycardia
Term
Inderal
Definition
(propranolol) beta-adrenergic blocker that relieves thyroid storm/crisis/thyrotoxicosis

side effects: bradycardia, fatigue, weakness
Term
surgery that allows the thyroid gland to continue to produce hormones
Definition
subtotal thyroidectomy
Term
surgery that completely removes the thyroid hormone; requires lifelong hormone replacement therapy
Definition
total thyroidectomy
Term
most common form of hyperthyroidism
Definition
grave's disease
Term
graves disease is more common in (MEN/WOMEN)
Definition
women
Term
what causes graves disease?
Definition
unknown; may be hereditary link and emotional stress factors often present
Term
t/f: graves disease is classified as an autoimmune disorder
Definition
true
Term
s&s of exophtalmos
Definition
edema of fat deposits behind the eye and inflammation of the extraocular muscles; the accumulating pressure forces the eyes outward from their orbits; may have blurred vision, eye pain, excessive tearing and photophobia
Term
endemic goiter
Definition
caused by deficiency of iodine in the diet by the inability of thyroid to use iodine or by relative iodine deficiency caused by increasing body demands
Term
nontoxic goiter
Definition
simple or colloid; enlarged thyroid usually with no symptoms of dysfunction; may be from food/drugs
Term
nodular goiter
Definition
one or more areas of hyperplasia; appears to develop from food/drugs
Term
extreme state of hyperthyroidism that is rare with improved diagnosis and treatment; can occur with untreated hyperthyroidism or those who have experienced a stressor (infection, trauma, etc.); life threatening
Definition
thyroid crisis
thyroid storm
thyrotoxicosis
Term
why is thyroid storm common after thyroid surgery?
Definition
the manipulation of the thyroid gland during surgery causes it to dump a large amount of TH into the blood stream at one time, causing extreme symptoms
Term
S&S thyrotoxicosis
Definition
tachycardia, systolic HTN, and hyperthermia, GI symptoms, may also have agitatioin, restlessness, tremors, confusion, psychosis, delirium, and seizures, respiratory distress may also occur due to edema or internal bleeding
Term
how is thyrotoxicosis treated?
Definition
1st: relief of respiratory distress
2- stabilize cardiac status
3- reduce TH (antithyroid meds, corticosteroids, sodium iodide, Inderal)
Term
Nursing considerations for thyrotoxicosis
Definition
VITAL SIGNS VERY IMPORTANT
Term
signs of respiratory distress
Definition
changes in resp. rate and depth along with restlessness
Term
t/f: it may be necessary to perform emergency tracheostomy at bedside during thyrotoxicosis
Definition
true; due to resp. distress
Term
inflammation of the thyroid gland as a result of a viral infection (esp. in children)
Definition
thyroiditis
Term
why is Lugols solution taken with a straw?
Definition
it stains the teeth
Term
nursing considerations for antithyroid meds
Definition
monitor for hypothyroidism
Term
t/f: pregnant women cannot receive radioactive thyroid therapy
Definition
true
Term
euthyroid
Definition
normal thyroid
Term
nursing considerations for checking for hemorrhage post-op thyroidectomy
Definition
check behind the neck!
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