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Endocrine System
endocrine
127
Health Care
Not Applicable
08/25/2012

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Term
aden/o
Definition
gland
Term
adren/o, adrenal/o
Definition
adrenal gland
Term
andr/o
Definition
male
Term
crin/o
Definition
to secrete
Term
dips/o
Definition
thirst
Term
gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
Definition
glucose (sugar)
Term
hormon/o
Definition
hormone (an urging on)
Term
ket/o, keton/o
Definition
ketone bodies
Term
pancreat/o
Definition
pancreas
Term
thym/o
Definition
thymus gland
Term
thyr/o, thyroid/o
Definition
thyroid gland
Term
adrenal glands, suprarenal glands
Definition
located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
steroid hormones
Definition
hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antiinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid
Term
mineral corticosteroids
Definition
maintain salt and water balance
Term
androgens
Definition
influence development and maintenence of male sex characteristics, for example, facial hair, deep voice
Term
catecholamines
Definition
hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response
Term
epinephrine, adrenaline
Definition
secreted in response to fear or physical injury
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress
Term
ovaries
Definition
located on both sides of the uterus of the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone
Term
estrogen
Definition
responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics
Term
progesterone
Definition
regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy
Term
islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
Definition
endocrine tissue within the pancreas (the organ located behind the stomach, in front of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae); secretes insulin and glucagon
Term
insulin
Definition
a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin=island)
Term
glucagon
Definition
a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone
Term
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Term
pineal gland
Definition
located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin
Term
melatonin
Definition
exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty
Term
serotonin
Definition
a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin
Term
pituitary gland, hypophysis
Definition
located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
Term
anterior pituitary, adenohypophysis
Definition
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Term
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
Term
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
Term
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm in males
Term
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progestone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes
Term
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Definition
affects skin pigmentation
Term
growth hormone
Definition
influences growth
Term
prolactin, lactogenic hormone
Definition
stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
Term
posterior pituitary, neurohypophysis
Definition
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Term
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Definition
influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
Term
oxytocin
Definition
influences uterine contraction
Term
testes
Definition
located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secrete testosterone
Term
testosterone
Definition
affects masculinization and reproduction
Term
thymus gland
Definition
located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin
Term
thymosin
Definition
regulates immune response
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
located in fron of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin
Term
triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)
Definition
known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism
Term
calcitonin
Definition
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Term
exophthalmos, or exophthalmus
Definition
protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
Term
glucosuria, glycosuria
Definition
glucose (sugar) in the urine
Term
hirsutism
Definition
shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places (ex. a woman with a beard)
Term
hypercalcemia
Definition
an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
Term
hypocalcemia
Definition
an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
Term
hyperglycemia
Definition
high blood sugar
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
low blood sugar
Term
hyperkalemia
Definition
an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood
Term
hypokalemia
Definition
deficient level of potassium in the blood
Term
hypersecretion
Definition
abnormally increase secretion
Term
hyposecretion
Definition
abnormally decreased secretion
Term
ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Definition
presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation
Term
metabolism
Definition
all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions
Term
polydipsia
Definition
excessive thirst
Term
polyuria
Definition
excessive urination
Term
Cushing syndrome
Definition
a collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone; may be due to excessive production by the adrenal gland (often because of a tumor), or, more commonly, occurs as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones, such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis
Term
adrenal virilism
Definition
excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice
Term
daibetes mellitus (DM)
Definition
metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria
Term
type 1 diabetes mellitus
Definition
diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival
Term
type 2 diabetes mellitus
Definition
diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival
Term
hyperinsulinism
Definition
a condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas
Term
pancreatitis
Definition
inflammation of the pancreas
Term
hyperparathyroidism
Definition
hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor
Term
hypoparathyroidism
Definition
hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
Term
acromegaly
Definition
disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
Term
pituitary dwarfism
Definition
a condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature (not affecting intelligence); often treated during childhood with growth hormone; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by genetic defects
Term
pituitary gigantism
Definition
a condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
Term
goiter
Definition
enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation
Term
hyperthyroidism
Definition
a condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), goiter, etc.
Term
Graves disease
Definition
the most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by an autoimmune defect that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones; exophthalmos is a featured characteristic
Term
hypothyroidism
Definition
a condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and, often, obesity
Term
myxedema
Definition
advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin
Term
cretinism
Definition
condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed
Term
blood sugar (BS), blood glucose
Definition
measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
Term
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Definition
measurement of blood sugar level after fasting (not eating) for 12 hours
Term
postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
Definition
measurement of blood sugar level after a meal (commonly 2 hours later)
Term
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Definition
measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measureing blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4 to 6 hours
Term
glycohemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Definition
a molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin, the level of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes
Term
electrolyte panel
Definition
measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, and chloride) along with carbon dioxide (for indirect measure of bicarbonate ion) in the blood; electrolytes are essential for maintaining water balance (hydration) as well as nerve, muscle, and heart activity
Term
thyroid function study
Definition
measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine the efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH
Term
urine sugar and ketone studies
Definition
chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes
Term
computed tomography (CT)
Definition
CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse (horizontal) view of the pituitary gland
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands
Term
sonography
Definition
sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound
Term
thyroid uptake and image
Definition
radionuclide (nuclear medicine) scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
Term
adrenalectomy
Definition
excision of the adrenal glands
Term
hypophysectomy
Definition
excision of the pituitary gland
Term
pancreatectomy
Definition
excision of the pancreas
Term
parathyroidectomy
Definition
excision of the parathyroid glands
Term
thymectomy
Definition
excision of the thymus gland
Term
thyroidectomy
Definition
excision of the thyroid gland
Term
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), insulin pump therapy
Definition
use of an insulin delivery device that is worn on the body (usually the abdomen) and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic patient
Term
radioiodine therapy
Definition
use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicated thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility
Term
antidiabetic drug
Definition
any of several agents used to control blood sugar levels in treatment of diabetes mellitus
Term
antithyroid drug
Definition
an agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism
Term
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Definition
treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency (ex. estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid)
Term
hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic
Definition
a drug that lowers the blood glucose level (ex. insulin)
Term
ACTH
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Term
ADH
Definition
antidiuretic hormone
Term
BS
Definition
blood sugar
Term
CSII
Definition
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
Term
CT
Definition
computed tomography
Term
DKA
Definition
diabetic ketoacidosis
Term
DM
Definition
diabetes mellitus
Term
FBS
Definition
fasting blood sugar
Term
FSH
Definition
follicle-stimulating hormone
Term
GH
Definition
growth hormone
Term
GTT
Definition
glucose tolerance test
Term
HbA1c
Definition
glycosylated hemoglobin
Term
HRT
Definition
hormone replacement therapy
Term
LH
Definition
luteinizing hormone
Term
MRI
Definition
magnetic resonance imaging
Term
MSH
Definition
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Term
PPBS
Definition
postprandial blood sugar
Term
PTH
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
T3
Definition
triiodothyronine
Term
T4
Definition
thyroxine
Term
TSH
Definition
thyroid-stimulating hormone
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