Term
| What is an exocrine gland? |
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Definition
| A gland that secretes into ducts |
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Term
| What is an endocrine gland? |
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Definition
| A gland that secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood; a ductless gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones are a secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiolgical acivity of target cells of the body |
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Term
| What are the main functions of hormones? |
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Definition
| To regulate activity of cells in another part of the body |
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Term
| What glands are a part of the enocrine system? |
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Definition
Pineal-brain
Parathyroid-behind the thyroid on the trachea
Adrenal- above kidneys behind the liver
Pancreas- beneath the liver
Hypothalamus-in brain; anterior to the pineal
Pituitary- in brain; inferier to the hypothalamus
Thyroid- anterior to the parathyroid on the trachea
Thymus- inferior to the parathyroid
Ovaries-in females
Testes-in males |
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Term
| What is the negative feedback loop, and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
The negative feedback loop reverses a change in a controlled condition.
1st a stimulus (ex:stimulating hormone)disrupts homeostatis
2nd The receptors detect it and alert the control center
3rd the control center sends output instructions (another hormone or chemical impulse) to the effector to control the situation
4th the effectors create a physiological response that returns the situation to normal |
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Term
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Definition
| Not enough of the hormone is secreted |
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Term
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Definition
| To much of the hormone is secreted |
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Term
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Definition
-Human Growth Hormone
-Anterior Pituitary
-Stimulates protein synthesis, inhibits protein breakdown, stimulates lipolysis, and retards the use of glucose for ATP production
-stimulates tissues to secrete insulin |
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Term
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Definition
-Thyroid Stimulating hormone
-Anterior Pituitary
-stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland |
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Term
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Definition
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone
-Anterior Pituitary
-stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids by adrenal glands |
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Term
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Definition
-Follicle Stimulating Hormone
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Females= initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens
M=stimulates testes to produce sperm |
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Term
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Definition
-Lutenizing hormone
-Anterior Pituitary
-Females= stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum
Males= stimulates intersitial cells in testes to develop and produce testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
-Prolactin
-Anterior Pituitary
-promotes milk secretion by mammary glands |
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Term
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Definition
-Oxytocin
-Posterior pituitary
-allows for contractions during child birth |
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Term
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Definition
-Antidiuretic Hormone
-Posterior pituitary
-Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume and decreasing water loss through perspiration. Also increases blood pressure by constricting atrioles. |
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Term
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Definition
-Thyroxin
-thyroid
-increase basal metabolism rate, stimulates synthesis of proteins, and increases use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
-CT
-Thyroid
-Decreases blood Ca |
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Term
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Definition
-Parathyroid hormone
-Parathyroids
-Increases blood Ca and Mg, and decreases blood phosphate levels |
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Term
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Definition
-G (not often used)
-Alpha cells of pancreas
-Increases/controls glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
-I (not often used)
-Beta cells of pacreas
-decreases/controls blood glucose levels |
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Term
| What are mineralcorticoids? |
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Definition
-Also known as Aldosterone
-Adrenal Gland
-Increases blood levels of Na and water and decreases blood levels of K |
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Term
| What are Glucocorticoids? |
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Definition
-Also known as cortisol and cortisone
-Adrenal glands
-Increases protein breakdown and stimulates glucogenesis and lipolysis |
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Term
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Definition
-CHR (Sex Hormones)
-Ovaries, Testes, Pineal Gland, and Adrenal Gland
-Help establish sex traits and working of sex hormones |
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Term
| What is epinephrine/norepinephrine? |
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Definition
-NE
-Adrenal medulla
-augment fight or flight response and produces effects that enhance those of the sypathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) during stress |
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Term
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Definition
-ovaries
-females-responsible for growth and development of reproductive organs
-Males-unknown |
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Term
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Definition
-Maintains pregnacy and menstrual cycle
-Ovaries and adrenal glands |
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Term
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Definition
-Testes
-Stimulates descent of testes, regulates spermatogenesis, and promotes development and maintenance of masculine secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
-Hyposecretion of HGH
-Pituitary dissorder
-Slows body growth |
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Term
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Definition
-Hypersecretion of HGH before closure of epiphyseal plates
-Pituitary
-abnormal increase in the length of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
-Hypersecretion of HGH during adulthood
-Pituitary gland
-causes bones and tissues to enlarge and buildup
-(can't grow anymore because plates have closed) |
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Term
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Definition
-Hypersecretion of TSH from the pituitary gland
-autoimmune dissorder in which the person's body produces antibodies that mimic the action of TSH.
-Causes eyes to bulge and thyroid to enlarge |
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Term
| What is Addison's disease? |
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Definition
-Hyposecretion of ACTH of the Pituitary Gland
-causes lethargy, anorexia, nausea,and can be life threatening
-distruction of adrenal cortex |
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Term
| What is Diabetes Insipidus? |
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Definition
-Hyposecretion of of ADH of the Posterior Pituitary
-causes excessive urine output causing dehydration
-tested by dehydrating the patient |
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Term
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Definition
-Hyposecretion of PTH of the Parathyroid
-Causes spontanious nerve impulses |
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Term
| What is Diabetes Mellitus? |
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Definition
-Hyposecretion of insulin (beta cells)of the pancreas
-Juvenile onset
-Type 1:causes a deficiency of insulin, must take insulin, and makes person hypoglycemic
Type 2: (non-insulin dependent)90% of adults have it, due mostly to obesity, and causes an inability to respond to insulin |
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Term
| What is Cushing's Syndrome? |
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Definition
Hypersecretion of of Corisol from the adrenal cortex
-Causes a breakdown of muscle proteins and a redistribution of fat (causes roundness of the face) |
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Term
| What is Congenital hypothyroidism? |
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Definition
-Hyposecretion of T4 of the Thyroid
-Child: Causes severe mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
-hyposecretion of T4 of the Thyroid
-Adult:causes edema (swelling of tissues-face) and lethargy and weight gain |
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Term
| What is Osteitis fibrosa cystica? |
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Definition
-Hypersecretion of PTH of the Parathyroid
-causes bones to become soft and easily fracture |
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Term
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Definition
-Hyperinsulinism (pancreas)
-too much insulin
-decreased glucose levels and anxiety and increased heart rate occur |
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Term
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Definition
-Insulin overdose
-death can occur quickly if blood glucose is not raised |
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