Term
The major glands that make up the human endocrine system include the:
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid
parathyroids
adrenal glands
pineal body
reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes) |
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Definition
| What are the major glands of the Endocrine System? |
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| This is a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals |
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| the body's chemical messengers, which transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. |
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| This body system is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function and reproductive processes. |
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| Body processes that happen slowly, such as cell growth |
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| In general, what is the endocrine system in charge of? |
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| Which glands release secretions in the skin or inside the mouth. (Such as sweat and salivary glands) |
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| Which glands release more than 20 major hormones directly into the bloodstream where they can be transported to cells in other parts of the body. |
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| This is a collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain,and is the main link between the endocrine and nervous systems. |
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| Nerve cells in the hypothalamus |
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| What control the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary. |
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| This gland is located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus, and is considered the most important part of the endocrine system. |
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| What is the normal pH of the blood? |
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| Lowering pH will make the body... |
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| Raising pH will make the body... |
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| Aortic arch and the carotid bodies |
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| Where are the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors located? |
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| What happens to respirations when the body is acidic? (Lower pH) |
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| What happens to respirations when the body is alkalotic? (higher pH) |
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| The production and secretion of hormones of this gland can be influenced by factors such as emotions and changes in the seasons. To accomplish this, the hypothalamus provides information sensed by the brain (such as environmental temperature, light exposure patterns, and feelings) to this gland. |
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| This lobe of the pituitary gland regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. |
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growth hormone, which stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues and plays a role in the body's handling of nutrients and minerals
prolactin (pronounced: pro-lak-tin), which activates milk production in women who are breastfeeding
thyrotropin (pronounced: thy-ruh-tro-pin), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
corticotropin (pronounced: kor-tih-ko-tro-pin), which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce certain hormones |
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Definition
| The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces hormones such as: |
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| Palpitations and shortness of breath and are in A-fib. |
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| People with hyperthyroidism present with what? |
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| Posterior gland of the pituitary gland |
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Definition
| Which lobe of the pituitary gland regulates the release of antidiuretic hormone? |
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| The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland also produces this, which triggers the contractions of the uterus in a woman having a baby. |
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| This gland is located in the front part of the lower neck, is shaped like a bow tie or butterfly. (It regulates metabolism.) |
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| Short term hyperthyroidism |
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| Long term hyperthyroidism. |
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| This can cause SVT with elevated heart rates (>160), constant diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, with elevated temp (usually 100.4-100.6) |
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| Bulging eyes due to thickening of muscles behind the eyes. |
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| Graves disease can cause what to happen to the eyes? |
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| What can cause a person to lose up to a pound per day? |
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| Both hypo and hyperthyroidism patients will have this presentation to there neck... |
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| lowered metabolism, hair loss, lowered heart rate, constipation, and feel cod all the time, happen with this... |
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| The thyroid gland regulates this... |
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| Four tiny glands that function together which are attached to the thyroid. |
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| This regulates the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin, which is produced in the thyroid. |
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| Parathyroid Hormone is produced here... |
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| Two parts, each of which produces a set of hormones and has a different function |
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| The Adrenal Gland has how many parts? |
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| Adrenal cortex, which influence or regulate salt and water balance in the body, the body's response to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function. |
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| What is the outer part of the adrenal gland called and what does it do? |
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| Adrenal medulla which produces catecholamines, such as epinephrine, which increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body experiences stress. |
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| What is the inner part of the adrenal gland and what does it do? |
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| Where is the peneal gland located? |
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| What secretes melatonin, a hormone that may help regulate when you sleep at night and when you wake in the morning. |
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| metabolic acidosis will cause this type of respirations... |
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Aerobic
Anaerobic
Lactic Acid |
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| If your body does not perfuse.. you go from ________ metabolism to this________ metabolism, and your body produces________. |
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| If calcium is high, this is going to be high also... |
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| High calcium and magnesium levels will make a person act this way... |
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| T-Wave in opposition of the QRS |
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| Bundle Branch Block will show this on an ECG... |
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| Na+ (sodium)going in to the cell. |
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| This affects the QRS segment of an ECG... |
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| Ca+ (Calcium) going in to the cell |
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| This affects the ST segment of the ECG... |
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| K+ (potassium) leaving the cell |
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| This affects the T wave of the ECG... |
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| This regulates the sleep-wake cycle and id located in the pineal gland. |
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| The pancreas produces these two important hormones... |
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| This organ of the endocrine system has both exocrine and endocrine functions... |
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| What is absorbed throught the intestine into the blood stream, carried into the cell with the assistance of insulin |
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| This is the "key" that lets glucose in to the cell |
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| glucose can not get in to the cell |
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| blood glucose levels are high because... |
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| The beta cells of the pancreas |
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| Insulin is produced by this... |
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| This is required by almost all of the cells of the body in order for survival... |
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| the end product of a carbohydrate is this... |
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| butter, margerine, beer, etc break down into this... |
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| you can only get cholesterol from what? |
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| this is a protein hormone produced and secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas |
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| The breakdown of glycogen by the liver and muscles into glucose |
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| The formation of glycogen to be stored for later usage. |
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| Breakdown of keytones that is too much or too fast will cause this... |
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Polyuria- increased urine output
Polydipsia- increased thirst
polyphagia- increased appetite |
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| what are the 3 P's of diabetes? |
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| "poly" patients (3 poly's) |
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| diabetics in ketoacidosis are often _________ patients. |
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| high glucose and high ketone bring on this pH... |
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| considered a diabetic if the fasting blood sugar is over this amount... |
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| This type of diabetes is characterised by the pancreas' inability to do what? |
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| This type of diabetes the body can produce insulin, however it is insufficient to maintain adequate blood glucose levels. |
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| Blood glucose lower than 60 |
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| Symptoms of the patient.. because the blood glucose amount is relative to the person and what the reading was shortly before. |
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| Hypoglycemia should be determined by this rather than by the glucose number... |
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| This type of pt can appear to be intoxicated |
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Unchecked/undiagnosed diabetes
Infection
Ingestion of certain medications (diuretics)
myocardial infarction
CVA |
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Definition
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| This can also lead to hyperglycemia |
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Fatigue
Wounds that do not heal
dry mouth
dry, ithcy skin
visual difficulties |
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Definition
| Other signs of hyperglycemia |
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| Hyperosmolar Heyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome |
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| This results from hyperglycemia, hypovolemia, the development of ketones, and subsequent acidosis. |
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Poor skin turgur
Dry mucous membranes
Sunken eyeballs
Hypotension |
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| Signs and symptoms of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketetic Syndrome: |
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| High blood sugar can destroy this part of the nerve cell... |
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| A common complication of diabetes, in which nerves are damaged as a result of high blood sugar levels. |
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| The liver gets tense and releases angiotensogen. |
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| What happens to the liver when the kidneys release renin? |
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| Mixture of renin with angiotensogen |
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| What creates aldosterone? |
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| Absorbs salts and sodium (Na) |
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| What does aldosterone do? |
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| Elevated blood sugar levels |
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| People on steroids have elevated what? |
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| What is the role of the adrenal gland? |
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Adrenal insufficiency
(not enough sugar and salt) |
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| What is Addison's disease? |
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< BP
weak
< glucose
hyper-pigmentation
> K+ (peaked T-wave) |
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| Symptoms of a patient with Addison's disease... |
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Adrenal hyper-sufficiency
result of excess cortisol levels
(too much salt... too much sugar) |
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| What is Cushing's disease? |
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Moon face
> BP
> glucose
< K+ (inverted or low T-wave) |
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| Symptoms of Cushing's disease.. |
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Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium |
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| Electrolytes include what? |
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| Respiratory acidosis comes from... |
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| Respiratory alkalosis comes from what? |
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| Decrease respiratory rate. |
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| HOw can you compensate for metabolic alkalosis? |
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| what is given to treat hyperkalemia? |
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| What is the number 1 cause of respiratory arrest in adults? |
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| Slowly and only enough to restore respirations |
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| How should Narcan be given? |
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| Any fast, rapid, constant movement of the body.. or something that has been ingested can cause this... |
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| < BP, cap refill, skin turgur |
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Definition
| HOw is the need for fluid replacement determined? |
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When Blood glucose has been restored and pt is still unconscious.
(If known overdose, don't withhold Narcan to do a glucose check) |
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| When can Naloxone (Narcan) be considered? |
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Monitor seizure activity..
IV
Transport...
At hospital will be given calcium and put on calcium supplement.. |
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| Treatment for hypoparathyroidism... |
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Addison's
< BP
Low glucose
Flat neck veins |
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| When is it contraindicated to give beta blockers? |
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| Amioderone (except during Torsades) |
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| What can be used to lower HR instead of beta blockers? |
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| What is the only rhythm in which Amioderone cannot be given? |
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| What is an antiarhythmic medication that can be given during any type of tachycardia (except Torsades)? |
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| What allergy would cause you not to give Amioderone? |
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| What do you give for a vomiting patient? |
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