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Endocrine system
all the terms
135
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
07/06/2015

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Term
aden/o
Definition
gland
Term
adren/o
Definition
adrenal gland
Term
andr/o
Definition
male
Term
crin/o
Definition
to secrete
Term
dips/o
Definition
thirst
Term
gluc/o
Definition
sugar
Term
hormon/o
Definition
hormone (an urging on)
Term
ket/o
Definition
ketone bodies
Term
pancreat/o
Definition
pancreas
Term
thym/o
Definition
thymus gland
Term
thyr/o
Definition
thyroid gland (shield)
Term
keton/o
Definition
ketone bodies
Term
adrenalo
Definition
adrenal gland
Term
thyroid/o
Definition
thyroid gland (shield)
Term
glyc/o
Definition
sugar
Term
adrenal glands
Definition
located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and nor epinephrine
Term
pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Definition
located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, secreting insulin and glucagons
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Term
ovaries
Definition
located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis, secreting estrogen and progesterone
Term
pineal gland
Definition
located in the center of the brain, secreting melatonin and serotonin
Term
suprarenal glands
Definition
located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and nor epinephrine
Term
pituitary gland (hypophysis) location
Definition
located at the base of the brain; the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary
Term
Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
Definition
located at the base of the brain; secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin
Term
Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
Definition
located at the base of the brain; releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
Term
testes
Definition
located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secreting testosterone
Term
thymus gland
Definition
Secretes thymosin and thymopoietin, located in the mediastinum, superior to the heart
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
located in front of the neck, secreting triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin
Term
triiodothyronine (T3)
Definition
regulate metabolism
Term
calcitonin
Definition
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Term
thyroxine (T4)
Definition
regulate metabolism
Term
testosterone
Definition
affects masculinization and reproduction
Term
thymosin
Definition
regulates immune response
Term
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Definition
influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
Term
oxytocin
Definition
influences uterine contraction
Term
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Definition
affects skin pigmentation
Term
growth hormone (GH)
Definition
influences growth
Term
prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
Definition
stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
Term
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
Term
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
Term
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
Term
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response
Term
mineral corticosteroids
Definition
regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; have some effect on sexual characteristics
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response
Term
Estrogen
Definition
responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of reproduction
Term
Insulin
Definition
regulate carbohydrate and sugar metabolism
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; have some effect on sexual characteristics
Term
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Term
steroid hormones
Definition
regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; have some effect on sexual characteristics
Term
melatonin
Definition
exact function unknown; affects onset of puberty
Term
serotonin
Definition
a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin
Term
androgens
Definition
regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; have some effect on sexual characteristics
Term
progesterone
Definition
responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of reproduction
Term
glucagons
Definition
regulate carbohydrate and sugar metabolism
Term
TSH
Definition
thyroid stimulating hormone = stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
Term
ACTH
Definition
adrenocorticotrophic hormone = stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
Term
FSH
Definition
follicle stimulating hormone = initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
Term
LH
Definition
luteinizing hormone = causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes
Term
PTH
Definition
parathyroid hormone = regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Term
MSH
Definition
melanocyte-stimulating hormone = affects skin pigmentation
Term
GH
Definition
growth hormone = influences growth
Term
ADH
Definition
antidiuretic hormone = influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
Term
T3
Definition
triiodothyronine = regulate metabolism
Term
T4
Definition
thyroxine = regulate metabolism
Term
Exophthalmus
Definition
protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
Term
Glycosuria
Definition
glucose (sugar) in the urine
Term
hirsutism
Definition
shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places (e.g., a woman with a beard)
Term
hypercalcemia
Definition
an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
Term
hypocalcemia
Definition
an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
Term
hyperglycemia
Definition
high blood sugar
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
low blood sugar
Term
hyperkalemia
Definition
an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood (kalium = potassium)
Term
hypokalemia
Definition
deficient level of potassium in the blood
Term
hypersecretion
Definition
abnormally increased secretion
Term
hyposecretion
Definition
decreased secretion
Term
Exophthalmos
Definition
protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
Term
Glucosuria
Definition
glucose (sugar) in the urine
Term
Ketosis
Definition
presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, betahydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (keto = alter)
Term
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Definition
presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, betahydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (keto = alter)
Term
metabolism
Definition
all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, eliminate of waste, and other body functions
Term
polydipsia
Definition
excessive thirst
Term
polyuria
Definition
excessive urination
Term
ketoacidosis
Definition
presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, betahydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (keto = alter)
Term
DKA
Definition
diabetic ketoacidosis
Term
Cushing syndrome
Definition
a collection signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause, such as a result of excessive production by the adrenal gland (often as a result of tumor), or more commonly as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin, and easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis
Term
adrenal virilism
Definition
excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice (virilis = masculine)
Term
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Definition
metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria (diabetes = passing through; mellitus = sugar)
Term
insulin
Definition
a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin = island)
Term
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Definition
diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin, and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival
Term
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Definition
diabetes in which either the body does not produce enough insulin, or there is insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced); the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival
Term
DM
Definition
diabetes mellitus
Term
hyperinsulinism
Definition
condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas
Term
pancreatitis
Definition
inflammation of the pancreas
Term
hyperparathyroidism
Definition
hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor
Term
hypoparathyroidism
Definition
hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
Term
PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)
Definition
a gland that secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; considered the master gland
Term
acromegaly
Definition
disease characterized by enlarged features, especially the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
Term
pituitary dwarfism
Definition
condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone slowing growth and causing short yet proportionate stature (not affecting intelligence), often treated during childhood with growth hormone; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by gene defects
Term
pituitary gigantism
Definition
condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
Term
Graves Disease
Definition
condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), tachycardia, goiter, and tumor
Term
goiter
Definition
enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation (goiter = throat)
Term
thyrotoxicosis
Definition
condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), tachycardia, goiter, and tumor
Term
hypothyroidism
Definition
condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity
Term
myxedema
Definition
advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in hands and face, and dry skin (myx = mucous)
Term
cretinism
Definition
condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature
Term
Hyperthyroidism
Definition
condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), tachycardia, goiter, and tumor
Term
blood sugar (BS)
Definition
measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
Term
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Definition
measurement of blood sugar level after fasting (not eating) for 12 hours
Term
postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
Definition
measurement of blood sugar level after a meal (commonly 2 hours later)
Term
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Definition
measurement of the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4 to 6 hours
Term
glycohemoglobin
Definition
a molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin that rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes
Term
blood glucose
Definition
measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
Term
FBS
Definition
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Term
PPBS
Definition
postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
Term
GTT
Definition
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Term
BS
Definition
blood sugar
Term
electrolytes
Definition
measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, CO2, and chloride) in the blood; electrolyte balance is essential for normal metabolism
Term
thyroid function study
Definition
measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH
Term
urine sugar and ketone studies
Definition
chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes
Term
computed tomography (CT)
Definition
CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse (horizontal) view of the pituitary gland
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, and thyroid glands
Term
sonography
Definition
sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound
Term
thyroid uptake and image
Definition
nuclear image produced by a scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
Term
adrenalectomy
Definition
excision of adrenal gland
Term
hypophysectomy
Definition
excision of pituitary gland
Term
pancreatectomy
Definition
excision of pancreas
Term
parathyroidectomy
Definition
excision of parathyroid gland
Term
thymectomy
Definition
excision of thymus gland
Term
thyroidectomy
Definition
excision of thyroid gland
Term
radioiodine therapy
Definition
use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility
Term
antihypoglycemic drug
Definition
a drug that raises blood glucose
Term
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Definition
treatment with a hormone to correct a hormone deficiency (e.g., estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid)
Term
antihyperglycemic drug
Definition
a drug that lowers blood glucose (e.g., insulin)
Term
hypoglycemic drug
Definition
a drug that lowers blood glucose (e.g., insulin)
Term
HRT
Definition
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
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