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| located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and nor epinephrine |
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| pancreas (islets of Langerhans) |
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| located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, secreting insulin and glucagons |
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| two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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| located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis, secreting estrogen and progesterone |
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| located in the center of the brain, secreting melatonin and serotonin |
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| located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and nor epinephrine |
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| pituitary gland (hypophysis) location |
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| located at the base of the brain; the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary |
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| Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) |
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| located at the base of the brain; secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin |
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| Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) |
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| located at the base of the brain; releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin |
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| located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secreting testosterone |
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| Secretes thymosin and thymopoietin, located in the mediastinum, superior to the heart |
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| located in front of the neck, secreting triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin |
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| regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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| affects masculinization and reproduction |
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| regulates immune response |
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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| influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules |
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| influences uterine contraction |
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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| affects skin pigmentation |
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| prolactin (lactogenic hormone) |
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| stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy |
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| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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| stimulates secretion from thyroid gland |
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| adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) |
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| stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex |
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| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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| initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males |
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| causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes |
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| affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response |
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| regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; have some effect on sexual characteristics |
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| affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response |
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| responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of reproduction |
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| regulate carbohydrate and sugar metabolism |
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| regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; have some effect on sexual characteristics |
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| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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| regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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| regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; have some effect on sexual characteristics |
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| exact function unknown; affects onset of puberty |
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| a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin |
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| regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; have some effect on sexual characteristics |
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| responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of reproduction |
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| regulate carbohydrate and sugar metabolism |
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| thyroid stimulating hormone = stimulates secretion from thyroid gland |
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| adrenocorticotrophic hormone = stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex |
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| follicle stimulating hormone = initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males |
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| luteinizing hormone = causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes |
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| parathyroid hormone = regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone = affects skin pigmentation |
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| growth hormone = influences growth |
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| antidiuretic hormone = influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules |
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| triiodothyronine = regulate metabolism |
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| thyroxine = regulate metabolism |
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| protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball |
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| glucose (sugar) in the urine |
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| shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places (e.g., a woman with a beard) |
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| an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood |
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| an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood |
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| an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood (kalium = potassium) |
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| deficient level of potassium in the blood |
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| abnormally increased secretion |
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| protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball |
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| glucose (sugar) in the urine |
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| presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, betahydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (keto = alter) |
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| diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) |
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| presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, betahydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (keto = alter) |
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| all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, eliminate of waste, and other body functions |
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| presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, betahydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (keto = alter) |
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| a collection signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause, such as a result of excessive production by the adrenal gland (often as a result of tumor), or more commonly as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin, and easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis |
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| excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice (virilis = masculine) |
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| metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria (diabetes = passing through; mellitus = sugar) |
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| a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin = island) |
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| diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin, and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival |
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| diabetes in which either the body does not produce enough insulin, or there is insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced); the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival |
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| condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas |
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| inflammation of the pancreas |
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| hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor |
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| hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands |
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| PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) |
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| a gland that secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; considered the master gland |
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| disease characterized by enlarged features, especially the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor |
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| condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone slowing growth and causing short yet proportionate stature (not affecting intelligence), often treated during childhood with growth hormone; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by gene defects |
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| condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor |
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| condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), tachycardia, goiter, and tumor |
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| enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation (goiter = throat) |
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| condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), tachycardia, goiter, and tumor |
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| condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity |
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| advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in hands and face, and dry skin (myx = mucous) |
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| condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature |
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| condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), tachycardia, goiter, and tumor |
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| measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood |
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| fasting blood sugar (FBS) |
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| measurement of blood sugar level after fasting (not eating) for 12 hours |
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| postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) |
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| measurement of blood sugar level after a meal (commonly 2 hours later) |
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| glucose tolerance test (GTT) |
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| measurement of the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4 to 6 hours |
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| a molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin that rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes |
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| measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood |
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| fasting blood sugar (FBS) |
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| postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) |
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| glucose tolerance test (GTT) |
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| measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, CO2, and chloride) in the blood; electrolyte balance is essential for normal metabolism |
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| measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH |
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| urine sugar and ketone studies |
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| chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes |
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| CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse (horizontal) view of the pituitary gland |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, and thyroid glands |
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| sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound |
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| nuclear image produced by a scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors |
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| excision of adrenal gland |
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| excision of pituitary gland |
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| excision of parathyroid gland |
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| excision of thyroid gland |
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| use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility |
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| a drug that raises blood glucose |
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| hormone replacement therapy (HRT) |
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| treatment with a hormone to correct a hormone deficiency (e.g., estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid) |
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| a drug that lowers blood glucose (e.g., insulin) |
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| a drug that lowers blood glucose (e.g., insulin) |
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| hormone replacement therapy (HRT) |
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