Endocrine Organ (gland):

is a diverse group of ductless glands that plays a major role in maintaining the bodies homeostasis

Hormones:

• chemicals secreted into the bloodstream that typically act on distant targets. Effects ar NOT immediate but last longer.

Target Tissue:

cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.

Negative Feedback:

the process of returning the body back to homeostasis

Hypothalamus:

located below the thalamus, controls both autonomic nervous system & Activity of the Pituitary: controlling the body temp, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems and invovled in sleep and emotional activity.

Anterior Pituitary:

anterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature; secretes a variety of hormones that affect other tissues in the body- TSH, GH, Prolactin, ACTH, Luctinizing, & follicle-stimulating hormone.

Posterior Pituitary:

composed of Nervous Tissue rather than glandular tissue. it does NOT produce any hormones at all & functions merely as a place for storing the Oxytocin & ADH produced by the Hypothalamus.

Thyroid Gland:

secretes hormones that affect metabolic rate & calcium levels in body fluid.

Parathyroid Gland:

secretes hormones important to te regulation of calcium ion concentration in body fluids.

Pineal Gland:

located in the Posterior and Superior Diencephalon, secretes the hormone Melatonin in response to decreased light levels and acts on the reticular formation of the brain stem to trigger sleep.

Thymus:

Superior mediastinum, largest and most active in infancy and early childhood; secretes horones that stimulate the development of T-lymphocytes with-in the thymus, in adult thymic tissue is replaced by fat and other connective tissue (CT)

Pancreas:

secretes (decreases blood sugar levels) Insulin & Glucagon (increases blood sugar levels); they are antagonists.

Adrenal Cortex:

secretes steriod hormones in response to stimulation by ACTH & other factors; they can regulate fluid & electrolyte homeostasis; regulates stress response, blood glucose, fluid homeostasis, & inflammation, affects the Gonads & other tissues.

Adrenal Medulla:

deep region of Adrenal gland; consists of modified postsynaptic sympathetic neurons that secretes Epinephrine & Norepinephrine, in response to sympathetic stimulation.

Ovaries:

produces oocytes- the female gametes; produce steroid hormones which affects breast development & development of subcutaneous fat stores, & a variety of other processes, plus progesterone has a nuber of effects that prepare the body for pregnancy.

Testes:

produce sperm cells- male gametes, produce steroid hormone which promotes the production of sperm cells, & the development of deeper voices, greater bone & muscle mass, and facial hair.

Antidiuretic Hormone: (ADH)

- Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Posterior Pituitary, made in Hypothalamus

-Stimulus for Secretion:

Dehydration

-Target Tissue:

Kidneys & Sweatglands 

Oxytocin:

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Posterior Pituitary, made in Hypothalamus

-Stimulus for Secretion:

breastfeeding & stretching of the cervix

-Target Tissue:

smooth muscle of the uterus wall; stimulates milk Letdown for breastfeeding.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: (TSH)

(Hypothalamus TRH stimulates TSH)

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Anterior Pituitary

-Stimulus for Secretion:

TRH- Thyroid Releasing Hormone  (Adenohypophysis)

-Target Tissue:

Thyroid

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: (ACTH)

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Pituitary Gland

-Stimulus for Secretion:

production of Corticosteroid hormones

-Target Tissue:

Adrenal Cortex

Growth Hormone:

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Anterior Pituitary

-Stimulus for Secretion:

GHRH from Hypothalamus

-Target Tissue:

All Tissues respond to it

Prolactin:

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Anterior Pituitary

-Stimulus for Secretion:

PRH from Hypothalamus

-Target Tissue:

stimulates milk production

Melatonin:

-Organ that secretes the hormone:

Pineal Gland

-Stimulus for Secretion:

light & dark cycles; cyrcadian rhythm; day & night cycles- day=less hormone release; night=more hormone release

Thyroxine & Triiodothyronine:

(T4 & T3) Thyroid Hormones

-Organ that secretes the hormone:

thyroid glands

-Stimulus for Secretion:

TSH from the Anterior Pituitary

-Target Tissue:

most cells of the body

Calcitonin:

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Thyroid Gland

-Stimulus for Secretion:

increase in Blood Calcium- i.e.too high blood calcium levels

-Target Tissue:

Bone

Thymosin & Thymopoietin:

-Organ that secretes the hormone:

Thymus Gland (Above the Heart)

-Stimulus for Secretion:

infection= more mature WBC

-Target Tissue:

WBC- White Blood Cells: i.e. T-Cells

Parathyroid Hormone: (PTH)

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Parathyroid Gland

-Stimulus for Secretion:

increases blood calcium levels

-Target Tissue:

bones 

Cortisol:

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Adrenal Gland from the Pituitary Gland

-Stimulus for Secretion: 

stress, injury, or survival

-Target Tissue:

Brain

Aldosterone: 

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone: 

Adrenal Cortex, produced in Adrenal Medulla

-Stimulus for Secretion:

elevated blood potassium(k+) & Sodium (Na)

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine:

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Adrenal Medulla

-Stimulus for Secretion:

initiates 'fight-or-flight' response

-Target Tissue:

Adrenaline; Noradrenalin

Insulin:

-Organ that Secretes the Hormone:

Pancreas

-Stimulus for Secretion:

to decrease blood sugar levels in the body

-Target Tissue:

everything

Glucagon:

-Organ that secretes the Hormone:

Pancreas

-Stimulus for Secretion:

to increase blood sugar levels in the body

-Target Tissue:

everything

Thyroid Gland:

1) Follical Cells

2) Colloid

3) C (parafollicular) cells

Adrenal Gland:

1) Zones of the Adrenal Cortex:

a. Zona glomerulosa

b. Zona fasciculata

c. Zona reticularis

2) Adrenal Medulla

Pancreas:

1) Acinar (Acini) Cells: (exocrine portion)

2) Pancreatic Islets (endocrine portion)

Dehydration Process back to Homeostasis:

the concentration of the blood increases (i.e. there is inadequate water in the blood) goes to the hypothalamus which releases ADH and stores it in the Posterior Pituitary goes to ADH level in the blood increases goes to ADH increases water rentention goes to the concentration of the blood decreases goes to level of ADH in the blood decreases back to normal.                                                                                                                                                                                

High Blood Glucose Levels Decreasing Process:

blood glucose increases leads to the pancreas releasing insulin. Insulin level in the blood increase which leads to  insulin, causing glucoes (re)uptaking cells goes to blood glucose levels decreases and levels of insulin in the blood decrease

The Process of Increasing Blood Calcium Levels:

blood calcium ion concentration decreases leads to the parathyroid glands release of PTH. PTH levels in the blood increases which causes PTH to breakdown bone goes to the concentration of calcium ions in the blood increases goes to levels of PTH in the blood decrease

Process of decreasing the blood potassium & hydrogen levels in the blood:

blood potassium and hydrogen ions increase causing the adrenal cortex to produce Aldosterone which leads to a increase level in the blood Sodium. Aldosterone then causes reabsorption of Na & H2O and secretion(ex) K & H goes to the concentration of potassium and hydrogen ions in the blood drop, and the levels of Aldosterone in the blood decrease.

The process of the Body's response to being Exposed to Stressors:

Hypothyroidism

Symptoms:

Hot-blooded, but can't keep warm; weight gain; fatigue

Results:

Low on T3 & T4 but high on TSH. This is most likely caused from the patient's thyroid no longer responding to TSH to start making T3 & T4 causing his body to produce even more TSH trying to stimulate his thyroid again.

Treatment:

Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy

Cushing's Syndrome

Symptoms:

fat deposits on the face, waiste, and a hump on the back; bloated; swelling; high-blood pressure; weak immune system.

Results:

These symptoms were probably caused from being on Steriods for too long, which can throw the body system out of whack; or caused by a tumor on the adrenaline gland putting out too much glucocorticoids. 

Treatment:

A possible treatment would be hormone therapy or dialysis/

Diabetes Melitis:

Symptoms: 

constent thirst; excessive urination; dry mouth; feels weak

Results: 

too little out of water in the blood and too much water in the urine, means he is filtering out way too much water than he should be becuase his body is not retaining water like it should be doing naturally. 

Treatment/ Cause:

He has a lack of ADH- Anti-Diuretic Hormone; causing his body to not retain water like it should and to release too much water, from not producing enough ADH- possible tumor causing this lack of ADH

What is NOT a Function of the Hypothalamus?

Which endocrine organ is a part of the Diencephalone

1. Calcitonin & Parathyroid Hormone
2. Insulin & Glucagon

Pineal Gland Secretes:

Thyroid Gland Secretes:

Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, & Calcitonin 

i.e. T3 & T4

Pancreas secretes:

Insulin & Glucagon

Thymus secretes:

Parathyroid Gland Secretes:

Adrenal Cortex Secretes:

Anterior Pituitary Secretes:

Adrenal Medulla Secretes:

WHich is NOT true regarding the endocrine organ histology?

The pancreas has an exocrine portion consisting of Pancreatic Islets & an endocrine portion consisting of Acinar Cells./

Glucagon:

Decreases Blood Sugar Levels

Calcitonin:

Increases Blood Calcium Levels

Parathyroid Hormone:

needs lower Blood Calcium Levels in the body

Thyroxine & Triiodothyronine: (T3 & T4)

TSH from the Anterior Pituitary

Cortisol:

stress, injury, or survival

Antidiuretic Hormone:

Dehydration

Insulin:

everything is affected by this hormone; used to extract excess amounts of Glucose in the Blood & to break down them

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: (ACTH)

Adrenal Cortex; to produce Corticosteroid Hormones

Growth Hormones:

bones & muscles; to increase or decrease growth in bones & muscles.

Prolactin:

milk ducts/breasts; stimulates milk Production

Oxytocin:

stretching of the cervix; affects the smooth muscle walls of the uterus and stimulates milk Letdown (or Releasing) for breastfeedin; breasts; uterus/cervix

Thymosin:

Increases the White Blood Cell Count especially in the T-Cells, to help increase the likelihood of being able to fight off infections better.

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Medulla

Anterior Pituitary

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Ovaries

Pancreas

Pancreatic Islet

Testis