Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for uterine contractions during birth |
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Term
| antidiuretic hormone also known as vasopressin |
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Definition
| regulates water retention by the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates production of milk |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH |
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Definition
| stimulates adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| acts on the ovary and testes |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH |
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Definition
| acts on the ovary and testes |
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Term
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Definition
| Overproduction of growth hormone in adults. prominent jaws and brows and large hands with a soft, doughy consistency |
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Term
| Sheehan’s pituitary necrosis |
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Definition
| During pregnancy, the pituitary becomes highly vascularized. During birth, an excessive loss of blood may lead to an infarct in the pituitary. This situation is a medical emergency. |
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Term
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Definition
| the building block from which the thyroid hormones are synthes |
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Term
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Definition
| important role in the metabolism of calcium. |
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Term
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Definition
| very active, but it is relatively short-lived. |
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Term
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Definition
| T4 is less active but more stable than T3 and is the more abundant form in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement of the thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
| an autoimmune illness in which antibodies constantly stimulate the gland to produce hormone. exophthalmos (bulging eyes) and indurated (hardened), "woody" skin (sometimes called myxedema), particularly on the shins. |
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Term
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Definition
| an autoimmune attack. In this case, however, the gland is destroyed rather than stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| A benign tumor of the thyroid. |
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Term
| Papillary carcinoma (60-70% of thyroid malignancies): |
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Definition
| a very indolent, nonaggressive tumor; patients may live for 20 years with it, even if it has metastasized to local cervical lymph nodes. |
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Term
| Anaplastic carcinoma (<5%): |
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Definition
| an extremely aggressive tumor that usually kills within 6 months. |
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Term
| Medullary carcinoma (5-10%): |
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Definition
| which arises from C cells; the other three types arise from the follicular epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| produces mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) that are important for regulating levels of sodium and potassium; |
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Term
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Definition
| which produces glucocorticoids (principally cortisol); |
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Term
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Definition
| which produces sex steroids (androgens and estrogens). |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex resulting in overproduction of cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
| About 68% of patients with Cushing’s syndrome have Cushing’s disease, which is due to a pituitary adenoma that produces too much ACTH. Another 15% have disease due to ectopic ACTH syndrome, e.g., some lung cancers inappropriately produce ACTH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another 9% of cases of Cushing’s syndrome are due to adrenal adenomas and 8% to adrenal carcinomas. These tumors sometimes (not always) produce excessive amounts of cortisol. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome include: |
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Definition
Redistribution of fat, which increases in the trunk, back of neck, and face ("moon face" and "buffalo hump")
Wasting of extremities due to muscle breakdown, resulting in fatigue
Thin, fragile, easily bruised skin
Immune suppression
Poor wound healing
Osteoporosis, due to increased resorption of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex |
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Term
| Symptoms of Addison’s disease include: |
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Definition
A diffuse increase in body pigmentation, including in mucous membranes. This increase occurs because the pituitary gland overproduces ACTH due to the lack of feedback inhibition by cortisol. ACTH is similar to a hormone (melanocortin) that stimulates the pigment-producing melanocytes in the skin.
Hypotension; problems with water and electrolyte balance
Weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby liver cells make glucose from amino acids or other non-glucose precursors. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term referring to disease of small blood |
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Term
| Nonproliferative retinopathy |
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Definition
| Microangiopathy and ischemia may result in infarcts, aneurysms, hemorrhages, and exudate in the retina. |
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Term
| Proliferative retinopathy |
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Definition
| a condition that is marked by growth of new blood vessels (neovascularization), which are leaky and can cause further scarring. |
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Term
| Rubeosis iridis diabetica |
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Definition
| refers to neovascularization in the iris of the eye. The canal that drains fluid from the eye may become clogged, leading to glaucoma. |
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Term
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Definition
| opacities in the lens due to poor water balance |
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Term
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Definition
| due to occlusion of small blood vessels that supply the nerves |
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