hyper-

Above, excessive

Hyperthyroidism

PREFIXES

A condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and nervousness.

eu-

Good, normal

Euthyroid

PREFIXES 

A state in which the thyroid gland functions normally, producing the right levels of thyroid hormones necessary for metabolism and growth.

hypo-

Below, under, deficient

Hypoglycemia

PREFIXES

A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms such as dizziness, shakiness, and confusion.

oxy-

Rapid, sharp, acid

Oxytocin

PREFIXES

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk during breastfeeding.

pan-

All, total

Panhypopituitarism

PREFIXES

A condition in which the pituitary gland fails to produce or secretes all of its hormones, leading to a wide range of endocrine dysfunctions.

para-

Around, beside, beyond, abnormal 

Parathyroid

PREFIXES

Small glands located beside the thyroid gland, responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.

poly-

Many or much

Polyuria

PREFIXES

Excessive urination, a common symptom of diabetes mellitus due to high blood sugar levels affecting kidney function.

syn-

Joined, together

Synergistic hormones

PREFIXES

Hormones that work together to amplify their effects, such as insulin and growth hormone in promoting cell growth.

tetr-

Four

Tetralogy of Fallot

PREFIXES

A condition involving four congenital heart defects that may indirectly affect endocrine function due to oxygenation issues.

tri-

Three

Triiodothyronine (T3

PREFIXES

A thyroid hormone that contains three iodine atoms and plays a critical role in regulating metabolism and energy levels.

a-

Absence of, without 

Azoospermia

PREFIXES

The absence of sperm in semen, which can cause male infertility and may result from blockages or testicular failure.

an-

Absence of, without

Anovulation

PREFIXES

The absence of ovulation, often leading to infertility and irregular menstrual cycles, commonly caused by hormonal imbalances or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

dys-

Painful, difficult

Dysmenorrhea

PREFIXES

Painful menstrual cramps, often caused by uterine contractions or underlying conditions like endometriosis.

endo-

Within

Endometritis

PREFIXES

Inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium), often caused by infection or retained tissue after childbirth or miscarriage.

epi-

Above

Epidural

PREFIXES

Pertaining to the area upon or above the dura mater of the spinal cord, commonly referring to a type of anesthesia used during childbirth to provide pain relief while allowing the patient to remain awake and alert.

hyper-

Above, excessive 

Hypergonadism

PREFIXES

A condition characterized by excessive activity of the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females), leading to overproduction of sex hormones, which can result in early puberty, menstrual irregularities, or fertility issues.

hypo-

Below

Hypogonadism

PREFIXES

Reduced function of the gonads (testes or ovaries), leading to decreased hormone production and issues like infertility or delayed puberty.

oligo-

Small amount

Oligospermia

PREFIXES

A condition characterized by a low sperm count in semen, often contributing to male infertility.

par-

Near

Parovarian cys

PREFIXES

A fluid-filled cyst near the ovary, usually arising from the remnants of embryonic structures.

peri-

Surrounding

Perimetrium

PREFIXES

The outermost layer of the uterus, surrounding the uterine wall and providing structural support.

trans-

Through, across, beyond

Transvaginal ultrasound

PREFIXES

An imaging procedure where a probe is inserted through the vaginal canal to obtain detailed images of reproductive organs like the uterus and ovaries.

-drome

Run, running together

Syndrome

SUFFIX

A group of symptoms or signs that occur together, such as Cushing’s syndrome, which results from excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands.

-ectomy

Excision, cut out

Thyroidectomy

SUFFIX

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat conditions such as hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, or goiters.

-emia

Condition of the blood

Hyperglycemia

SUFFIX

High levels of glucose in the blood, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus and requiring careful monitoring and management.

-ism

State of

Hypothyroidism

SUFFIX

A state of underactive thyroid function, resulting in reduced production of thyroid hormones and symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

-itis

Inflammation 

Thyroiditis

SUFFIX

nflammation of the thyroid gland, which may result from autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or infections.

-logist

Specialist who studies and treats

Endocrinologist

SUFFIX

A medical specialist who studies and treats disorders of the endocrine system, such as diabetes, thyroid diseases, and hormonal imbalances.

-logy

Study of 

Endocrinology

SUFFIX

The study of the endocrine system, including the glands, hormones, and their related diseases.

-megaly

Enlarged, enlargement

 Acromegaly

SUFFIX

Abnormal enlargement of extremities caused by excessive growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland in adulthood.

-oid

Resembling

Adrenoid

SUFFIX

Resembling the adrenal glands in shape or function, possibly used in anatomical studies or to describe tissue with adrenal-like characteristics.

-oma

Tumor

Insulinoma

SUFFIX

A tumor of the pancreas that produces excessive amounts of insulin, often leading to episodes of hypoglycemia.

-pathy

Disease

Adenopathy

SUFFIX

A disease or enlargement of glandular tissue, such as in swollen lymph nodes or glandular dysfunction in the endocrine system.

-plasia

Condition of, formation, development, growth

Hyperplasia

SUFFIX

\Excessive growth or formation of cells within an endocrine gland, such as adrenal hyperplasia, which can affect hormone production.

-tomy

Incision, cut into

Adrenalotomy

SUFFIX

A surgical incision into the adrenal gland, often performed to remove a tumor or investigate gland abnormalities.

-al

Pertaining to

Vaginal

SUFFIX

Pertaining to the vagina, as in vaginal delivery, which refers to childbirth through the birth canal.

-algia

Pain

Orchidalgia

SUFFIX

Pain in one or both testicles. The pain can vary from mild discomfort to severe and may be acute (sudden) or chronic (lasting for a longer time).

-ar

Pertaining to

Seminiferous

SUFFIX

Pertaining to the production of semen, such as in seminiferous tubules found in the testes.

-atresia

Occlusion, closure

Vaginal atresia

SUFFIX

Congenital closure or absence of the vaginal canal, which may require surgical correction.

-cision

Process of cutting

Incision

SUFFIX

A surgical cut made during procedures, such as a cesarean section (C-section).

-cleisis

Surgical closure

Colpocleisis

SUFFIX

Surgical closure of the vaginal canal, often performed to treat uterine prolapse in elderly patients who are not sexually active.

-ectomy

Excision or surgical removal

Hysterectomy

SUFFIX

Surgical removal of the uterus, commonly performed to treat fibroids, cancer, or severe uterine bleeding.

-genesis

Beginning, development, or production

Spermatogenesis

SUFFIX

The production and development of sperm in the testes.

-gram

Record 

Hysterosalpingogram

SUFFIX

A radiographic image of the uterus and fallopian tubes, used to assess fertility or detect blockages.

-graphy

Process of recording

Mammography

SUFFIX

The process of obtaining X-ray images of the breasts to screen for abnormalities such as tumors.

-ia

Diseased state, abnormal state, condition of

Amenorrhea

SUFFIX

The absence of menstrual periods, which can result from hormonal imbalances or other medical conditions.

-ic

Pertaining to

Pelvic

SUFFIX

Pertaining to the pelvis, as in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the reproductive organs.

-ism

State of, condition

Cryptorchidism

SUFFIX

A condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, often requiring surgical correction.

-logy

Study of

Gynecology

SUFFIX

The study of the female reproductive system, including its disorders and diseases.

-lysis

Loosening, dissolution, separating

Adhesiolysis

SUFFIX

The surgical removal of adhesions, which are bands of scar tissue that can form in the pelvic region and affect fertility.

-oma

Tumor, mass

Teratoma

SUFFIX

A type of tumor composed of tissues from different germ layers, often found in the ovaries or testes.

-ous

Pertaining to

Gravidou

SUFFIX

Pertaining to pregnancy, often used in terms like multigravidous (having had multiple pregnancies).

-pathy

Disease 

Endometriopathy

SUFFIX

Disease of the endometrium, which may lead to abnormal uterine bleeding or infertility.

-pexy

Surgical fixation, suspension

Oophoropexy

SUFFIX

Surgical fixation of an ovary, often performed to prevent ovarian torsion.

-plasia

Development, growth 

Hyperplasia

SUFFIX

Excessive growth of cells, such as endometrial hyperplasia, which can increase the risk of uterine cancer.

-plasty

Surgical repair

Vaginoplasty

SUFFIX

Surgical repair or reconstruction of the vagina, often performed for congenital abnormalities or after trauma.

-rrhagia

Rapid flow of blood

Menorrhagia

SUFFIX

Excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding, which may result from uterine fibroids or hormonal imbalances.

-rrhaphy

Suturing, repairing

Perineorrhaph

SUFFIX

Surgical suturing of the perineum, often performed after childbirth to repair tears.

-rrhea

Flow, discharge

Leukorrhea

SUFFIX

A white or yellowish vaginal discharge, often indicating an infection or hormonal changes.

-stomy

Creation of a new opening

Colpostomy

SUFFIX

The surgical creation of an opening in the vaginal wall to drain fluid or provide access for treatment.

andr/o

Male

Androgen

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

A group of male sex hormones, including testosterone, responsible for the development of male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. Androgens also play roles in libido, bone density, and reproductive health in both males and females.

arche/o

First, beginning

Menarche

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

The first occurrence of menstruation, marking the onset of reproductive capability in females.

balan/o

Glans penis

Balanitis

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Inflammation of the glans penis, often caused by poor hygiene, infections, or irritants.

cervic/o

Cervix

Cervicitis

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Inflammation of the cervix, often caused by infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.

colp/o

Vagina

Colposcop

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

A visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a specialized magnifying instrument to detect abnormalities.

crypt/o

Hidden 

Cryptomenorrhea

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

A condition where menstrual blood is produced but cannot exit the body due to an obstruction, most commonly an imperforate hymen. It causes pelvic pain without visible menstruation and typically requires a minor surgical procedure to restore normal menstrual flow.

endometri/o

Endometrium

Endometriosi

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

A condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain, heavy periods, and potential infertility.

epididym/o

Epididymis 

Epididymitis

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm.

episi/o

Vulva

Episiotomy

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

A surgical incision made in the vulva to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth.

gonad/o

Gonad

The surgical removal of the gonads (testes in males or ovaries in females)

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

This procedure is performed to treat conditions such as gonadal cancer, hormone-sensitive cancers like breast or prostate cancer, or as part of gender-affirming surgeries.

gyn/o, gynec/o

Woman 

Gynecomastia

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

A condition in males characterized by the enlargement of breast tissue, giving a female-like appearance. It is often caused by hormonal imbalances, medications, or underlying health conditions and can occur during puberty or in adulthood.

hemat/o

Blood

Hematosalpinx

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

The presence of blood in the fallopian tube, often associated with ectopic pregnancy or trauma.

hymen/o

Hymen

Hymenotomy

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

A surgical procedure to remove or open the hymen, often performed to address issues like imperforate hymen.

hyster/o

Uterus

Hysterectomy

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Surgical removal of the uterus, often performed to treat fibroids, uterine cancer, or severe bleeding.

leuk/o

White

Leukoplakia

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

The formation of white patches on mucous membranes, such as the vulva in reproductive health. Vulvar leukoplakia can cause discomfort and may sometimes be precancerous, requiring further medical evaluation.

mamm/o, mast/o

Breast 

Mammogram

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

An X-ray image of the breast used to screen for abnormalities such as lumps or tumors.

men/o

Menstruation

Menopause

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

The cessation of menstruation, marking the end of reproductive capability in women.

metr/i

Uterus

Metritis

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Inflammation of the uterus, often caused by infections following childbirth or miscarriage.

oophor/o

Ovary 

Oophorectomy

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Surgical removal of one or both ovaries, often performed to treat ovarian cancer or cysts.

orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o

Testis, testicle 

Orchiectomy

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Surgical removal of one or both testicles, often performed to treat testicular cancer.

pelv/i

Pelvis, pelvic bones, pelvic cavity

Pelvimetry

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis, often performed during pregnancy to assess the feasibility of vaginal delivery.

pen/I, phall/o

Penis 

Phalloplasty

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Surgical reconstruction or construction of a penis, often performed in gender-affirming surgeries

perine/o

Perineum 

Perineoplasty

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Surgical repair of the perineum, often performed after childbirth or trauma.

posth/o, preputi/o

Prepuce, foreskin

Posthitis

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Inflammation of the foreskin, often associated with infections or poor hygiene.

prostat/o

Prostate gland

Prostatitis

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

nflammation of the prostate gland, which can cause pain, urinary problems, and sexual dysfunction.

salping/o

Uterine tube, fallopian tube 

Salpingectomy

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Surgical removal of a fallopian tube, often performed in cases of ectopic pregnancy or severe infections.

scrot/o

Scrotum

Scrotoplasty

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Surgical repair of the scrotum, often performed for injuries or congenital abnormalities.

son/o

Sound waves

Sonohysterography

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

A diagnostic imaging technique using sound waves to evaluate the uterus and detect abnormalities.

sperm/o, spermat/o

Sperm, spermatozoon

Spermatorrhea

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

The involuntary discharge of semen without orgasm, which can result from neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, or infections affecting the male reproductive system.

test/o, testicular/o

Testis, testicle

Testicular torsion

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

A condition where the testicle twists, cutting off its blood supply, and requiring emergency treatment.

trachel/o

Cervix 

Trachelectomy

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Surgical removal of the cervix, often performed as a fertility-sparing option for early-stage cervical cancer.

urethr/o

Urethra

Urethrocele

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Prolapse or herniation of the urethra, often seen in women due to pelvic floor weakness.

vagin/o

Vagina

Vaginismus

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Involuntary muscle contractions of the vagina, often causing pain during intercourse or medical exams.

vas/o

Vas deferens, vessel, duct

Vasectomy

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Surgical cutting and sealing of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from reaching the semen as a form of permanent contraception.

vesicul/o

Seminal vesicle

Vesiculitis

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

nflammation of the seminal vesicles, which can cause pain and affect fertility.

vulv/o

Vulva

Vulvodynia

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WORD ROOT

Chronic pain or discomfort of the vulva, often with no identifiable cause.

aden/o

Gland

Adenoma

WORD ROOT

A benign tumor of an endocrine gland, such as a pituitary adenoma, which can affect hormone production and cause symptoms like vision problems or hormonal imbalances.

adren/o, adrenal/o

Adrenal glands

Adrenalectomy

WORD ROOT

Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands, often performed to treat adrenal tumors or excessive hormone secretion.

calc/i

Calcium

Hypercalcemia

WORD ROOT

An elevated level of calcium in the blood, often caused by overactivity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism).

cortic/o

Cortex, outer layer of a body organ

Corticosteroids

WORD ROOT

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, such as cortisol, which play roles in stress response, immune regulation, and metabolism.

dips/o

Thirst

Polydipsia

WORD ROOT

Excessive thirst, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus due to hormonal imbalances affecting water regulation.

endocrin/o

Endocrine 

Endocrinopathy

WORD ROOT

A disease or disorder affecting the endocrine system, including the glands and hormones that regulate bodily functions.

glyc/o

Sugar

Hyperglycemia

WORD ROOT

Elevated blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus caused by insufficient insulin production or action.

home/o

Sameness

Homeostasis

WORD ROOT

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body, such as balanced hormone levels to regulate metabolism and growth.

kal/i

Potassium 

Hypokalemia

WORD ROOT

A condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood, which can result from adrenal dysfunction such as hyperaldosteronism.

myx/o

Mucus 

Myxedema

WORD ROOT

Severe hypothyroidism characterized by swelling and deposits of mucus-like substances in the skin, often affecting the face and extremities.

natr/o

Sodium

Hyponatremia

WORD ROOT

A condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood, which can result from hormonal imbalances such as adrenal insufficiency.

parathyroid/o

Parathyroid gland

Parathyroidectomy

WORD ROOT

Surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands, often performed to treat hyperparathyroidism and manage calcium imbalances.

pituitar/o

Pituitary gland

Pituitarism

WORD ROOT

Any disorder of the pituitary gland, such as hypopituitarism, which results in decreased hormone production and widespread endocrine effects.

somat/o

Body

Somatotropin

WORD ROOT

A growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates body growth and cell reproduction.

thyr/o, thyroid/o

Thyroid gland

Thyrotoxicosis

WORD ROOT

A condition caused by excessive thyroid hormone levels, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and tremors.

ALD = Aldosterone

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate blood pressure and balance electrolytes by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion.

ACTH = Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol, which helps regulate stress, metabolism, and immune response.

ADH = Antidiuretic Hormone

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland that regulates water balance in the body by reducing urine production and increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

DKA = Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A serious complication of diabetes where the body produces high levels of blood acids (ketones) due to insufficient insulin, often accompanied by high blood sugar levels and dehydration.

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from either insufficient insulin production (type 1) or resistance to insulin (type 2).

A hormone and neurotransmitter, also known as adrenaline, produced by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response by increasing heart rate, blood

A test that measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast to help diagnose diabetes or monitor blood sugar control.

FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a critical role in reproductive processes, including the maturation of eggs in females and the production of sperm in males.

GD = Graves’ Disease

An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones.

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in the body, particularly during childhood and adolescence.

A form of type 1 diabetes that develops more slowly and typically occurs in adults, often misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes due to its gradual onset.

OGTT = Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

A test that measures blood sugar levels before and after drinking a glucose-containing solution to diagnose diabetes or gestational diabetes.

A therapy using radioactive iodine to destroy overactive thyroid cells, commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer.

TSH = Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by stimulating the thyroid gland.

Addison's Disease

Named After: Thomas Addison, a British physician.

A condition caused by adrenal insufficiency, leading to reduced production of cortisol and aldosterone. Symptoms include fatigue, hyperpigmentation, low blood pressure, and weight loss.

Cushing's Syndrome

Named After: Harvey Cushing, an American neurosurgeon.

A disorder caused by excessive cortisol levels, often due to a pituitary adenoma or long-term corticosteroid use. Symptoms include moon face, central obesity, purple striae, and hypertension.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Named After: Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanese physician

An autoimmune disorder leading to hypothyroidism due to chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and dry skin.

Islets of Langerhans

Named After: Paul Langerhans, a German pathologist.

A diagnostic procedure in which a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac to collect amniotic fluid, often used to detect chromosomal abnormalities or infections during pregnancy.

A common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance in the natural bacteria of the vagina, often resulting in unusual discharge, odor, and irritation.

C-section = Cesarean Section

A surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions made in the abdomen and uterus, often performed when a vaginal delivery is unsafe.

A treatment involving supplemental hormones, typically estrogen and/or progesterone, used to alleviate symptoms of menopause or hormonal imbalances.

HPV = Human Papillomaviruses

A group of viruses that can cause genital warts and are associated with cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer in both men and women.

A minimally invasive procedure in which a thin, lighted scope is inserted into the uterus through the vagina to examine the uterine cavity and treat abnormalities.

A small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus for long-term contraception, available in hormonal and non-hormonal (copper) types.

A specialized unit in a hospital that provides intensive care to premature or critically ill newborns.

An infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria, which can lead to infertility if untreated.

PMS = Premenstrual Syndrome

A group of symptoms, including mood swings, bloating, and irritability, that occur in the days leading up to menstruation.

Infections transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by stimulating the thyroid gland.

A therapy using radioactive iodine to destroy overactive thyroid cells, commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer.

OGTT = Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

A test that measures blood sugar levels before and after drinking a glucose-containing solution to diagnose diabetes or gestational diabetes.

LADA = Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults

A form of type 1 diabetes that develops more slowly and typically occurs in adults, often misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes due to its gradual onset.

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in the body, particularly during childhood and adolescence.

An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones.

FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a critical role in reproductive processes, including the maturation of eggs in females and the production of sperm in males.

FBS = Fasting Blood Sugar

A test that measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast to help diagnose diabetes or monitor blood sugar control.

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from either insufficient insulin production (type 1) or resistance to insulin (type 2).